北山地区古元古界北山岩群中长英质脉内锆石U- Pb年龄及其地质意义

深熔作用是大陆地壳分异、元素迁移富集的重要地质过程。位于中亚造山带南缘的北山地区,笔者等对前寒武系北山岩群进行了研究,结果表明该岩群普遍经历了角闪岩相变质及深熔作用,长英质浅色脉体分布广泛,却鲜有文献报道。绵山地区出露的古元古代北山岩群斜长角闪岩及相关的长英质浅色脉体的野外地质特征、相互关系共同指示了北山岩群变质地层经历了部分熔融,熔体在原地分凝聚积。锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb 测定结果表明,顺北山岩群变质地层片理产出的长英质浅色脉体锆石n(206Pb)/n(238U)加权平均年龄约为370 Ma,表明深熔作用发生时间为晚泥盆世; 一测点的n(207Pb)/n(206Pb)年龄为1623±12 Ma,与前人报道的北山岩群测年结果高度相近,虽此年龄值不足为证,但结合产出特征,可能指示长英质浅色脉体的源岩为北山岩群。此外,北山岩群中深熔作用普遍发育,露头可见大量的石榴子石、电气石、云母类矿物,指示区内部分稀有元素成矿潜力巨大。     

辽宁本溪连山关地区辽河群浪子山组、里尔峪组形成时代及其地质意义

辽宁省本溪连山关地区出露大面积的古元古代辽河群地层,在朱家沟典型剖面浪子山组中识别出2层斜长角闪岩,镜下观察其原岩为玄武岩;在连山关及河栏镇里尔峪组中识别出一套酸性火山岩。对浪子山组2件斜长角闪岩样品、里尔峪组2件流纹岩样品测定LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄。阴极发光图像显示,样品D020锆石内部结构整体发黑、条痕状吸收程度不等,Th/U值较低,为变质锆石,其1934±45Ma代表了浪子山组的变质年龄。其余3个样品阴极发光图像显示典型的岩浆振荡环带结构和较高的Th/U值,为岩浆锆石。1952±38Ma代表了浪子山组的形成时代,2177±34Ma和2208±12Ma代表了里尔峪组的形成时代。结合前人资料,将辽河群形成时代限制在2.20~1.95Ga,其形成时代持续了250Ma左右。野外接触关系及火山岩年代学特征从另一个方面揭露了辽河群总体为一套无序、局部有序的构造地层,各岩组间不存在上下关系,浪子山组已经不适合置于里尔峪组之下。     

Reviews

The origin of granite

The Granite Controversy, by H. H. Read, xix + 430 pp. Thomas Murby & Co., London, 1957.

Geology of the Pleistocene

Glacial and Pleistocene Geology by R. F. Flint, xiii‐553 pp., 4 pis., figs., J. Wiley & Sons Inc. New York; Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1957, 4 plates and numerous figures. $12.50.     

Petrogenesis and tectonics of late Permian felsic volcanic rocks,eastern Qiangtang block,north-central Tibet: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence

The Palaeo-Tethyan tectonic evolution of central Tibet remains a topic of controversy. Two Permian to Late Triassic arc-like volcanic suites have been identified in the eastern Qiangtang (EQ) block of north-central Tibet. Three competing models have been proposed to explain the formation of these volcanic suites, with two models involving a single stage of long-lived subduction but with opposing subduction polarities, while the other model involves a two-stage subduction process. Here, we present new whole-rock geochemistry, including Sr–Nd isotope data, for late Permian felsic volcanics of the Zaduo area. These volcanics are mainly low to middle K calc-alkaline felsic tuffs and rhyolites with SiO₂ concentrations up to 73 wt.%. In primitive mantle-normalized diagrams, the volcanics are typified by large ion lithophile element enrichment and high-field-strength element (e.g. Nb, Ta, P, and Ti) depletion, with slightly negative Eu anomalies. They have initial Sr ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i of 0.70319–0.70547, and ?Nd(t) values of +3.4 to +3.5, suggesting derivation by the partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge, followed by assimilation of crustal material. The available geochemical data indicate the presence of two distinctive igneous evolution trends within the Permian to Late Triassic volcanics of the EQ block, consistent with a two-stage subduction model. Permian to Early Triassic arc-like volcanics are formed during northward (present-day orientation) subduction, whereas the Late Triassic volcanics are related to southward (present-day orientation) subduction of mafic crust of the Garze–Litang Ocean.     

Petrological variation of large-volume felsic magmas from Hakkoda-Towada caldera cluster: Implications for the origin of high-K felsic magmas in the Northeast Japan Arc

Abstract The Hakkoda‐Towada caldera cluster (HTCC) is a typical Late Cenozoic caldera cluster located in the northern part of the Northeast Japan Arc. The HTCC consists of five caldera volcanoes, active between 3.5 Ma and present time. The felsic magmas can be classified into high‐K (HK‐) type and medium‐ to low‐K (MLK‐) type based on their whole‐rock chemistry. The HK‐type magmas are characterized by higher K₂O and Rb contents and higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than MLK‐type magmas. Both magmas cannot be derived from fractional crystallization of any basaltic magma in the HTCC. Assimilation‐fractional crystallization model calculations show that crustal assimilation is necessary for producing the felsic magmas, and HK‐type magmas are produced by higher degree of crustal assimilation with fractional crystallization than MLK‐type magmas. Although MLK‐type magmas were erupted throughout HTCC activity, HK‐type magmas were erupted only during the initial stage. The temporal variations of magma types suggest the large contribution of crustal components in the initial stage. A major volcanic hiatus of 3 my before the HTCC activity suggests a relatively cold crust in the initial stage. The cold crust probably promoted crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization, and caused the initial generation of HK‐type magmas. Subsequently, the repeated supply of mantle‐derived magmas raised temperature in the crust and formed relatively stable magma pathways. Such a later system produced MLK‐type magmas with lesser crustal components. The MLK‐type magmas are common and HK‐type magmas are exceptional during the Pliocene–Quaternary volcanism in the Northeast Japan Arc. This fact suggests that exceptional conditions are necessary for the production of HK‐type magmas. A relatively cold crust caused by a long volcanic hiatus (several million years) is considered as one of the probable conditions. Intensive crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization promoted by the cold crust may be necessary for the generation of highly evolved HK‐type felsic magmas.     

太古宙长英质片麻岩区地质调查研究中存在的一些问题和建议

长英质片麻岩是太古宙变质杂岩区最主要的岩石类型。对其成因和机理的研究不仅对探索地壳早期演化有重要的理论意义，也直接关系到中深变质岩区地质调查工作的质量和找矿方向的确定。中高级变质岩区进行地质调查和研究工作要进行典型解剖。要特别注意不同成因长英质片麻岩之间和它们与其他围岩之间接触关系的研究。要加强对长英质片麻岩中原生结构、包体、副矿物(特别是锆石)和地球化学的研究。当长英质片麻岩的成因不能确定时，应以XX片麻岩命名，可作为填图单位，但不要赋予成因含义。在中深变质的副片麻岩区填图时，应识别和划分出混合岩带。     

汉诺坝长英质麻粒岩包体同位素年代学及其地球动力学意义

汉诺坝地区周坝长英质麻粒岩包体的岩石学、地球化学特征指示它们部分为变沉积岩。从周坝麻粒岩相变沉积岩包体的 Sm- Nd同位素分析结果获得了 (424± 10) Ma的全岩-单矿物 Sm- Nd同位素等时线年龄。全岩 Sm- Nd同位素组成指示这些包体可能与地表出露的太古宙麻粒岩有亲缘关系，但二者的 Pb- Pb与 U- Pb锆石年龄又反映二者成因不同。周坝长英质麻粒岩包体可能为残留于大陆下地壳的古老物质。 424 Ma的 Sm- Nd年龄可能反映了与加里东运动时期蒙古板块向华北地台俯冲而发生的变质与再就位抬升作用。     

山东诸城榴辉岩相长英质岩石变质特征

通过变质矿物及岩石学的特征确定出山东诸城地区含有榴辉岩块体的片麻岩经历了榴辉岩相到绿帘角闪岩相、绿片岩相的退变质过程。证据有:(1)在榴辉岩块体的边缘片麻岩与榴辉岩呈1-2cm宽的条带状相间排列;(2)硅质片岩中出现Ky-Zo-Q的高压矿物组合;(3)钠长石的矿物晶体内出现硬玉质辉石的残留体;(4)出现高度富Si的多硅白云母(Si=3.55);(5)镁钠闪石及与其共生的暗硬玉(Jd=21)的出现。     

赣闽长英质隐爆角砾岩和基底围岩水-岩作用的实验研究及其地质意义

对闽北５７０铀矿床,赣南６７２２铀矿床,赣东北银山多金属矿床的长英质隐爆角砾岩及其基底岩石,用ｐＨ＝１．９,含ΣＳ＝３．２×１０－４,Σｄ＝３．５×１０－４,ΣＦ＝３×１０－５的水溶液,在９０℃条件下进行水－岩作用实验,研究岩石中活动性Ｕ,Ｔｈ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ等元素的地球化学行为。实验结果证实：岩石中铀、锌、铅具有较强的活化迁移能力;交代蚀变作用对铀活化和成矿富集有特殊重要意义;长英质隐爆角砾岩不是所研究矿床矿物质的主要来源;基底围岩对成矿有重要贡献。     

Melting experiments on hydrous low-K tholeiite: Implications for the genesis of tonalitic crust in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana arc

A series of water-deficient partial melting experiments on a low-K tholeiite were carried out under lower crustal P–T–H₂O conditions (900–1200 °C, 0.7–1.5 GPa, 2 and 5 wt% H₂O added) using a piston-cylinder apparatus. With increasing temperature at 1.0 GPa, supersolidus mineral assemblages vary from amphibolitic to pyroxenitic. Garnet crystallizes in the higher pressure runs (> 1.2 GPa). Melt compositions show low-K calc-alkalic trends, and are classified as metaluminous or peraluminous tonalite. These features are similar to the felsic rocks in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc, for example Tanzawa plutonic rocks. The anatectic origin of Tanzawa tonalites is consistent with geochemical modeling, which demonstrates that the rare earth element (REE) characteristics of Tanzawa plutonic rocks (which represent the middle crust of the IBM arc) can be generated by partial melting of amphibolite in the lower crust (∼ 50% melting at 1050 °C and below 1.2 GPa). Estimated densities of pyroxenitic restites (∼ 3.9 g/cm³) after extraction of andesitic melts are higher than that of mantle peridotite beneath the island arc (3.3 g/cm³). The high density of the restite could cause delamination of the IBM arc lower crust. Rhyolitic magmas in the IBM arc (e.g. Niijima) could be formed by low degrees of partial melting of the amphibolitic crust at a temperature just above the solidus (10% melting at or below 900 °C).