青藏高原增暖海拔依赖性研究进展

青藏高原平均海拔4000m以上,由于复杂的地形及其特殊的地理位置,对全球气候变化影响重大,已成为研究的热点和关键区.古气候代用指标、常规气象台站以及卫星反演资料表明,青藏高原变暖显著,最低气温升温趋势高于最高气温,冬季增温幅度最大,且存在海拔依赖性,即升温幅度随海拔高度上升而增大.在此基础上,不同大气环流模式试验以及未来气候变化情景下高原气候变化模拟结果也表现出明显的海拔依赖性.而模式资料分析表明,海拔依赖性的存在可能与高海拔地区冰雪反馈和云量有关.但由于青藏高原5000m以上常规观测台站稀少,难以获得连续的气象观测资料,而当前气候系统模式分辨率仍较低,缺乏对复杂地形描述和模拟,这使得海拔依赖性的研究存在一定的争议.因此,当前海拔依赖性研究还存在两个问题：第一,如何获取更高海拔地区的观测和模式资料,运用尽可能多的观测资料来检验海拔依赖性存在与否的问题,如6000m以上站点和格点;第二,如果这种依赖性确实存在,如何从物理机制上解释高原气候变暖的海拔依赖性.     

Vegetation Feedback at the Mid-Pliocene

A global atmospheric general circulation model and an asynchronously coupled global atmosphere-biome model are used to simulate vegetation feedback at the mid-Pliocene approximately 3.3 to 3.0 million years ago.For that period,the simulated vegetation differed from present conditions at 62%of the global ice-free land surface.Vegetation feedback had little overall impact on the global climate of the mid-Pliocene.At the regional scale,however,the interactive vegetation led to statistically significant increases in annual temperature over Greenland,the high latitudes of North America,the mid-high latitudes of eastern Eurasia,and western Tibet,and reductions in most of the land areas at low latitudes,owing to vegetation-induced changes in surface albedo.     

塔北雅克拉地区油气藏上方"烟筒效应”的磁学与矿物学证据

依据位于塔北雅克拉油气田内的沙田井、沙七井、沙十五井及位于油水边界的沙六井岩屑与岩心的磁学（包括磁化率、磁滞回线及热磁分析）与矿物学（包括重矿物、电子探针及扫描电子显微镜）的综合分析测试结果，获得了已知油气井内生、储、盖层与地表第四纪土壤中与烃运移相关的蚀变矿化作用（即烟筒效应）的物质证据．本区位于油气藏上方的蚀变矿化作用以磁铁矿化与菱铁矿化作用为主；而位于油水边界处的沙六井则以磁铁矿化与黄铁矿化为主．随着地层深度的减小，虽然“烟筒效应”的强度明显减北，但在地表仍可检测到明显的磁学与矿物学异常．综合磁学与矿物学研究结果表明，本区岩屑中发现的球粒状磁铁矿是“烟筒效应”的产物，它是与烃运移相关的次生低温磁性矿物重要的形貌特征     

Modeling study of regional severe hazes over mid-eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control

The Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System(NAQPMS)was used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5over tropospheric central eastern China in January 2013.The impact of regional transport and its implications on pollution prevention and control were also examined.Comparison between simulated and observed PM2.5showed NAQPMS was able to reproduce the evolution of PM2.5during heavy haze episodes.The results indicated that regional transport of PM2.5played an important role in regional haze episodes in the city cluster including Hebei,Beijing and Tianjin(HBT).The cross-city clusters transport outside HBT and transport among cities inside HBT contributed 20%–35%and 26%–35%of PM2.5as compared with local emission,in HBT respectively.To meet the Air Quality Standards for Grade II,90%,90%and65%of emissions would have to be cut down in Hebei,Tianjin and Beijing,if non-control strategy was taken in the surrounding city clusters of HBT.This implicated that control of emissions in one city cluster is not sufficient to reduce regional haze events,and joint efforts among city clusters are essential.Besides regional transports,two-way feedback between boundary-layer evolution and PM2.5also significantly contributed to the formation of heavy hazes,which contributed 30%of monthly average PM2.5concentration in HBT.     

天气预报文本自动生成系统的天气图编辑模块的设计与改进

天气预报文本自动生成是天气预报科学化、客观化、高效化的重要途径,借助于天气图编辑器,可使预报准确性得到提高。本文介绍了天气图编辑软件的设计思想和方法,以及在本系统原框架基础上,对其主要功能模块实现方法的改进和完善,并对图形编辑器与文本生成器之间的数据接口作了介绍。     

全球气候变化对中国森林生态系统的影响

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化和对全球生态环境的影响正引起人们越来越多的重视.作为全球陆地生态系统一个重要组分,中国的森林生态系统对未来全球气候变化的响应更是人们关注的重点.作者系统地总结了全球气候变化对中国森林生态系统分布、生态系统生产力、森林树种以及森林土壤的影响,指出了现阶段该领域研究中存在的一些问题,并对今后需要加强的一些核心问题与研究重点作了展望.     

Assessment of interannual sea surface salinity variability and its effects on the barrier layer in the equatorial Pacific using BNU-ESM

As salinity stratification is necessary to form the barrier layer (BL), the quantification of its role in BL interannual variability is crucial. This study assessed salinity variability and its effect on the BL in the equatorial Pacific using outputs from Beijing Normal University Earth System Model (BNU-ESM) simulations. A comparison between observations and the BNU-ESM simulations demonstrated that BNU-ESM has good capability in reproducing most of the interannual features observed in nature. Despite some discrepancies in both magnitude and location of the interannual variability centers, the displacements of sea surface salinity (SSS), barrier layer thickness (BLT), and SST simulated by BNU-ESM in the equatorial Pacific are realistic. During El Niño, for example, the modeled interannual anomalies of BLT, mixed layer depth, and isothermal layer depth, exhibit good correspondence with observations, including the development and decay of El Niño in the central Pacific, whereas the intensity of the interannual variabilities is weaker relative to observations. Due to the bias in salinity simulations, the SSS front extends farther west along the equator, whereas BLT variability is weaker in the central Pacific than in observations. Further, the BNU-ESM simulations were examined to assess the relative effects of salinity and temperature variability on BLT. Consistent with previous observation-based analyses, the interannual salinity variability can make a significant contribution to BLT relative to temperature in the western-central equatorial Pacific.     

伦茨伺服控制器的功能及其在CINRAD/SB中的应用

介绍新一代多普勒天气雷达CINRAD/SB伺服系统的基本工作原理和伦茨伺服控制器的功能及应用,总结该雷达出厂调试、整改、业务试运行、业务运行过程中出现的技术问题及相应的解决方法。采用半闭环控制方案,通过适当控制传动链精度解决精度定位,采用现场总线[1](CANControllerAreaNetwork)解决通讯和控制,利用伺服控制器的“内部跳闸”功能解决现场总线的自动复位,利用伺服控制器自身的功能解决工作方式切换。经现场测试该雷达方位角和俯仰角的闭环控制精度均优于0·1°,伺服系统能按照指令准确切换各种体扫模式(VCP11、VCP21、VCP31)和接收各种指令。现场实测数据和业务运行效果均表明该系统的设计是成功的。     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅱ: Effect of Mesoscale Convective Systems on Large-Scale Fields

The apparent heat sources and apparent moisture sinks, and large-scale wind, temperature as well as the surface pressure fields during the summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 1998 were diagnosed. The results suggested that there was a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Before the monsoon onset, the largescale background provided favorable synoptic and dynamic conditions for the summer monsoon onset and the formation of mesoscale convective activities, whereas after the summer monsoon onset, occurrence of the persistent and extensive mesoscale convective activities produced obvious feedback effect on large-scale circulations. Because of the release of latent heating produced by enhanced convective activities, the intense atmospheric heating appeared over the northern SCS, which resulted in: (1) the meridional temperature gradient over the SCS reversed from upper-level to low-level and then the large-scale circulations were changed seasonally;(2) correspondingly, the surface pressure over the northern SCS deepened continually and formed a broad monsoon trough and the obvious pressure-fall areas, thus making the subtropical high move out of the SCS eventually;(3) with the development of the low pressure circulations in the middle and low troposphere, the MCSs further enhanced and extended southward, which was conducive to the SCS monsoon onset and maintenance over the middle and southern SCS;and (4) the deepening of monsoon trough facilitated the monsoon flow and moisture transport on its southern side, thus the monsoon onset reaching peak period.     

Channel movement and erosion response to rainfall variability in southeast Australia

Intrinsic and extrinsic forces on the catchment and stream channel network drive morphological change. Separating individual forcings is difficult given the complexity of such nonlinear systems. Here a modelling approach is used to investigate the sensitivity of channel position and movement under a series of realistic rainfall scenarios for a catchment in southeastern Australia. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the catchment to different rainfall patterns and how relatively small changes in rainfall can lead to much larger sediment outputs revealing sensitivity to subtle changes in climate. Channel movement occurs as an avulsion. This is the first time such a process has been observed and modelled in an ephemeral stream environment and demonstrates fluvial geomorphic change at human time scales. Human intervention by rock lining channels was demonstrated to prevent the movement of the main channel. Overall the CAESAR landscape evolution and erosion model used in this study is able to replicate both erosion rates and the variation in past channel movement. The modelling suggests that any landscape change is based on both internal and external forcing and that landscape history also plays a significant role. Here, we demonstrate the potential to quantify many of the nonlinearities and thresholds in soil‐mantled catchments using a landscape evolution model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.