A MODEL OF A COUPLED SEA-ATMOSPHERE-CLOUD CLIMATE SYSTEM*

In this paper,a coupled sea-atmosphere-cloud climatic model is set up.Qualitative analysis shows that the system exists at least in five possible equilibrium states,and not four as traditionally considered.Numerical simulation stated that when we do not consider the feedback of clouds the SST will raise 0.96 K and 0.97 K respectively as the concentrations of CO₂ rise from 280 ppm and 330 ppm to 560 ppm and 660 ppm.When we consider the feedback the SST rises only about 0.51 K under same conditions.So greenhouse effect of CO₂ is lessened in certain extent.     

梅雨锋暴雨过程潜热及反馈机理个例分析

在对2003年6月24~25日的一次江南北部梅雨锋暴雨过程进行合理模拟的基础上,应用模式输出资料,系统分析了暴雨过程中大尺度稳定凝结加热(Hs)及对流凝结加热(Hc)的时空分布特点以及其潜热在暴雨过程中的反馈作用。研究表明在这次暴雨过程中,主要以Hc为主,平均的Hs、Hc均主要分布在900~250 hPa,最大值位于400 hPa附近;在暴雨发展过程中,Hs、Hc随暴雨的增大而增大,且加热层次不断加深;去除潜热的“干”敏感性试验表明,潜热释放加热了深厚的大气层,使得高层加压辐散,暴雨北侧高空西北急流加强,低层减压辐合,暴雨南侧的低空西南急流加强,同时使得低层的切变线得以维持加强。     

Full‐scale experimental verification of resetable semi‐active stiffness dampers

Because of many advantages over other control systems, semi‐active control devices have received considerable attention for applications to civil infrastructures. A variety of different semi‐active control devices have been studied for applications to buildings and bridges subject to strong winds and earthquakes. Recently, a new semi‐active control device, referred to as the resetable semi‐active stiffness damper (RSASD), has been proposed and studied at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). It has been demonstrated by simulation results that such a RSASD is quite effective in protecting civil engineering structures against earthquakes, including detrimental near‐field earthquakes. In this paper, full‐scale hardware for RSASD is designed and manufactured using pressurized gas. Experimental tests on full‐scale RSASDs have been conducted to verify the hysteretic behaviours (energy dissipation characteristics) and the relation between the damper stiffness and the gas pressure. The correlation between the experimental results of the hysteresis loops of RASADs and that of the theoretical ones has been assessed qualitatively. Experimental results further show the linear relation between the gas pressure and the stiffness of the RSASD as theoretically predicted. Finally, shake table tests have also been conducted using an almost full‐scale 3‐storey steel frame model equipped with full‐scale RSASDs at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), Taipei, Taiwan, and the results are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of RSASDs in reducing the responses of the large‐scale building model subject to several near‐field earthquakes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地图符号的信息传播研究

本文利用传播学的原理,阐述了地图符号的信息传播过程。地图是符号化的传播载体,地图符号承担了信息传播的重要责任。地图符号的信息传播由多个因素制约,传播者本身、信息接收者、传播渠道、传播环境等都是影响传播效果的重要因素。     

饱水裂隙岩石冻融变形特性研究

寒区岩体在裂隙水冻胀作用的影响下发生损伤劣化,严重威胁寒区工程建设安全。针对孔隙率不同的绿砂岩、红砂岩和花岗岩开展了饱水裂隙岩石的冻融循环试验,分析了不同裂隙长度、裂隙宽度和岩性的岩石在冻融循环过程中随时间和温度变化的变形规律,得到了饱水裂隙岩石冻融变形特征值的变化特征,探究裂隙长度、裂隙宽度及岩性对冻融应变特征值的影响,分析了裂隙岩石冻融变形特性和破坏机制。试验结果表明：（1）不同裂隙几何参数岩石冻融应变变化过程可分为7个阶段：冷缩阶段、冻胀阶段、冻胀趋稳阶段、热胀阶段、融缩阶段、融缩回弹阶段和融缩趋稳阶段;（2）饱水裂隙岩石冻融应变随温度变化的曲线为不能闭合的滞回环,出现“冻融滞回”现象,且随冻融次数增加,滞回环逐渐上移,残余应变逐渐增加;（3）饱水裂隙岩石冻融应变特征值包括最大应变、残余应变、冻胀幅值和融缩幅值,且应变特征值与裂隙长度、裂隙宽度和岩体岩性相关,裂隙岩石冻融破坏是残余应变逐渐累积的过程。     

Air–Sea Coupling Enhances the East Asian Winter Climate Response to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

A simple air–sea coupled model,the atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction coupled to a mixed-layer slab ocean model,is employed to investigate the impact of air–sea coupling on the signals of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO). A regional coupling strategy is applied,in which coupling is switched off in the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean but switched on in the open oceans elsewhere. The coupled model is forced with warm-phase AMO SST anomalies,and the modeled responses are compared with those from parallel uncoupled AGCM experiments with the same SST forcing. The results suggest that the regionally coupled responses not only resemble the AGCM simulation,but also have a stronger intensity. In comparison,the coupled responses bear greater similarity to the observational composite anomaly. Thus,air–sea coupling enhances the responses of the East Asian winter climate to the AMO. To determine the mechanism responsible for the coupling amplification,an additional set of AGCM experiments,forced with the AMO-induced tropical SST anomalies,is conducted. The SST anomalies are extracted from the simulated AMO-induced SST response in the regionally coupled model. The results suggest that the SST anomalies contribute to the coupling amplification. Thus,tropical air–sea coupling feedback tends to enhance the responses of the East Asian winter climate to the AMO.     

气候敏感度、气候反馈过程与2℃升温阈值的不确定性问题

气候敏感度是度量温室气体浓度升高和全球升温幅度关系的重要指标,当前气候模拟和气候预估中的很多不确定性问题,都直接和气候敏感度有关。气候敏感度的大小也决定着预估的气候变暖幅度的大小,直接影响到温室气体减排政策的制订。在简要回顾气候敏感度概念的提出和研究历史基础上,着眼于气候反馈分析,介绍了气候敏感度与辐射强迫和反馈过程的关系,总结了气候系统主要的反馈过程;根据大气层顶的能量平衡关系,利用CMIP5多模式结果介绍了平衡态气候敏感度和瞬态气候响应(包括累积碳排放的瞬态气候响应)的估算原理和方法,总结了气候敏感度不确定性的来源,并以"2℃阈值"问题为例,介绍了气候敏感度对预估结果不确定性的影响。随着观测资料的积累和气候模式的发展,继续减少气候敏感度的不确定性、估算包含碳循环的敏感度、利用地球系统模式规划最优碳排放路径是未来本领域主要的研究方向。     

A comparative study on the dominant factors responsible for the weaker-than-expected El Niño event in 2014

Anomalous warming occurred in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific in early May 2014, attracting much attention to the possible occurrence of an extreme El Niño event that year because of its similarity to the situation in early 1997. However, the subsequent variation in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) during summer 2014 in the tropical Pacific was evidently different to that in 1997, but somewhat similar to the situation of the 1990 aborted El Niño event. Based on NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data, the physical processes responsible for the strength of El Niño events are examined by comparing the dominant factors in 2014 in terms of the preceding instability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system and westerly wind bursts (WWBs) with those in 1997 and 1990, separately. Although the unstable ocean-atmosphere system formed over the tropical Pacific in the preceding winter of 2014, the strength of the preceding instability was relatively weak. Weak oceanic eastward-propagating downwelling Kelvin waves were forced by the weak WWBs over the equatorial western Pacific in March 2014, as in February 1990. The consequent positive upper-oceanic heat content anomalies in the spring of 2014 induced only weak positive SSTAs in the central-eastern Pacific-unfavorable for the subsequent generation of summertime WWB sequences. Moreover, the equatorial western Pacific was not cooled, indicating the absence of positive Bjerknes feedback in early summer 2014. Therefore, the development of El Niño was suspended in summer 2014.     

一种改进的水准网条件平差算法

在实际工程应用中,水准网网形复杂多样,当进行平差时,间接平差未知参数个数选取要求高,条件平差方程建立不唯一,针对此类问题,本文提出了一种利用传递数矩阵建立条件方程的算法,判断水准网中的水准路线和水准点是否是已知值,依据传递数矩阵运算规则,确定条件平差中的系数矩阵和常数项矩阵,并利用2个算例进行分析比较,证明了所提算法的有效性。     

Advancing the understanding of variations of Arctic sea ice optical and thermal behaviors through an international research and mobility project

In recent decades, significant changes of Arctic sea ice have taken place. These changes are expected to influence the surface energy balance of the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. To quantify this energy ba...