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31.
This paper presents a review of the past decade's highlights of research on the isolation and characterisation of particulate
organic matter (POM) in the world's oceans. The emphasis is on chemical studies but, in keeping with the growing interdisciplinary
nature of marine science, advances in other disciplines are also discussed, particularly those in biological sciences. Increasing
evidence for the importance of picoplankton, bacteria and viruses as POM constituents is highlighted, including the recent
recognition of large populations of autotrophic bacteria able to harvest light for energy. The transport of POM to bottom
waters was thought to be largely confined to large, rapidly sinking faecal pellets. However, recent studies have highlighted
the importance of organic aggregates and flocs formed by diatoms such as Rhizosolenia and other microalgae. Ascending particles have also been discovered, many of which are lipid-rich. Several studies have shown
that resuspension of bottom sediments and lateral advection of material from continental shelves can lead to anomalously high
particle fluxes measured in sediment traps moored in deep water. Many new approaches for characterizing POM have emerged,
such as pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry for analysis of higher
molecular weight materials and biopolymers. Lipid biomarker techniques have also advanced, exciting new possibilities being
raised by the ability to measure stable and radioactive carbon isotopes for individual compounds. The techniques of molecular
biology, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are being increasingly applied to provide complementary information
to more conventional microscopy and flow cytometry on the identity of organisms in the sea. The combination of these techniques
with advanced chemical analysis methods promises to greatly increase our knowledge of the origins, transport and fate of organic
matter in the oceans.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
32.
Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Contents of Fecal Pellets of the Copepod Undinula vulgaris from Continental Shelf Waters of the Gulf of Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. The in situ diet of the copepod Undinula vulgaris was examined by comparing contents of fecal pellets produced on natural food with assemblages of available phytoplankton. Samples were collected in continental shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. U. vulgaris was an indiscrimi-nant suspension feeder, ingesting a broad size, shape, and taxonomic array of phytoplankters. Contents of fecal pellets generally matched those of available phytoplankton assemblages. The presence within the same fecal pellets of remains of microplankters ranging over two orders of magnitude in longest dimension suggests that feeding is nonselective, and that U. vulgaris may rapidly switch between several modes of feeding. 相似文献
33.
Measurements of river water quality at Haridwar, India, taken during 2005–2006 show that the river water does not meet the World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards criteria of drinking water quality, especially with respect to total coliform and fecal coliform. This study investigates the removal of pathogens at a river bank filtration site in Haridwar. Using the quality of river water and the quality of abstracted water from a nearby production well, semi‐empirical models based on the concept of filtration coefficient are developed and tested for their effectiveness in removing pathogens under varying bacteriological quality of source water. A two‐tier model, which includes the effect of clogged layer, is developed to obtain an equivalent filtration coefficient. This coefficient is found to be linearly related with natural logarithm of the concentration of pathogens in the source water. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
34.
Plant macrofossils studied in coprolites from small-sized, medium-sized and large mammals, dated by 14C to ca. 30.8–24 and 9 kybp, allowed to record changes in local vegetation and its relation with geomorphological units. Paleobotanical samples were determined using microhistological analysis. We found that plant associations and the vegetation–geomorphology relation were similar in the two periods analyzed. According to this study, the Monte plant formation would reflect certain stability during the analyzed period in arid central-western Argentina, although this does not imply the absence of variations in plant structure. 相似文献
35.
中国重点海水浴场中粪肠球菌和主要肠道病毒的调查研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文调查了中国十大典型海水浴场,旨在监测人类肠道病毒在海水浴场的发生情况,并且找出表面海水中肠道病毒的存在与传统的粪便污染指示物一粪大肠菌群是否存在关系,如果存在,是什么关系。分别采用常规的平板计数法和RT-PCR技术对粪大肠菌群和人类致病性的主要肠道病毒(甲肝病毒、轮状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒)进行了检测。结果显示,在2... 相似文献
36.
Plastic pellets found stranded on beaches are hydrophobic organic materials and thus, they are a favourable medium for persistent organic pollutants to absorb to. In the present study, plastic pellets are used to determine the diffuse pollution of selected Greek beaches. Samples of pellets were taken from these beaches and were analyzed for PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and PAHs. The observed differences among pellets from various sampling sites are related to the pollution occurring at each site. Plastic pellets collected in Saronikos Gulf beaches demonstrate much higher pollutant loading than the ones collected in a remote island or close to an agricultural area. Based on data collected in this study and the International Pellet Watch program, pollution in Saronikos Gulf, Greece, is comparable to other heavily industrialized places of the world. The present study demonstrates the potential of pellet watch to be utilized as a detailed-scale monitoring tool within a single country. 相似文献
37.
Microplastics pose a threat to coastal environments due to their capacity to adsorb persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These particles (less than 5 mm in size) are potentially dangerous to marine species due to magnification risk over the food chain. Samples were collected from two Portuguese beaches and sorted in four classes to relate the adsorption capacity of pollutants with color and age. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDTs were analysed on pellets through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and types of plastic were identified using Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Microplastics were mostly polyethylene and polypropylene. Regarding sizes, some fibres ranged from 1 to 5 μm in diameter and were 500 μm in length. The majority of samples collected had sizes above 200 μm. Black pellets, unlike aged pellets, had the highest concentrations of POPs except for PAHs in Fonte da Telha beach. PAHs with higher concentrations were pyrene, phenantrene, chrysene and fluoranthene. Higher concentrations of PCBs were found for congeners 18, 31, 138 and 187. Further investigation is necessary to understand the relationship between plastic degradation and adsorption for different pollutants. 相似文献
38.
岩溶区地下水微生物污染特征及来源——以重庆南山老龙洞流域为例 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
文章选取老龙洞地下河流域10个地下水点采集样品,分析水样中的水化学指标和三种重要微生物指标,以了解城市化进程对老龙洞地下河流域水质的影响,探究该地区微生物污染的主要来源。结合岩溶区独特的水文地质条件,利用粪大肠杆菌(FC)与粪链球菌(FS)比值法,初步分析得到该地区微生物污染程度和污染来源。研究结果表明:(1)老龙洞流域地下水存在严重的微生物污染,地下水总细菌数、大肠菌群远超过国家地下水标准规定,分别是国家地下水标准规定的2.3×102~5.5×104倍、0.8×104~0.9×106倍,粪大肠菌群数量为100~4.38×106 CFU?L-1;(2)4#、6#采样点微生物污染主要来源于温血动物,1#、7#、8#采样点地下水受城市化进程的影响大;(3)微生物污染主要来源于人类粪便,同时SO42-、PO43-、NO3-含量高且与微生物污染相关性密切,说明生活污水引起的次生微生物污染较严重,2#、3#、5#、10#采样点受生活污水和禽畜粪便影响较小,属于单纯的NO3-农业污染型地下水,微生物污染较轻。 相似文献
39.
Bonkosky M Hernández-Delgado EA Sandoz B Robledo IE Norat-Ramírez J Mattei H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(1):45-54
Human fecal contamination of coral reefs is a major cause of concern. Conventional methods used to monitor microbial water quality cannot be used to discriminate between different fecal pollution sources. Fecal coliforms, enterococci, and human-specific Bacteroides (HF183, HF134), general Bacteroides-Prevotella (GB32), and Clostridium coccoides group (CP) 16S rDNA PCR assays were used to test for the presence of non-point source fecal contamination across the southwestern Puerto Rico shelf. Inshore waters were highly turbid, consistently receiving fecal pollution from variable sources, and showing the highest frequency of positive molecular marker signals. Signals were also detected at offshore waters in compliance with existing microbiological quality regulations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most isolates were of human fecal origin. The geographic extent of non-point source fecal pollution was large and impacted extensive coral reef systems. This could have deleterious long-term impacts on public health, local fisheries and in tourism potential if not adequately addressed. 相似文献
40.
Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10
Received, January 1999/Revised, July 1999, August 1999/Accepted, October 1999 相似文献