宁夏西吉地区滑坡灾害地貌的成因分析

宁夏西吉地区滑坡灾害地貌是海原地震区最严重的地形变特征。本文在分析区域滑坡呈 或团块状密集独特分布及其严重灾害特征的基础上，进一步探讨了它的成因机制。表明滑坡地形奕的分布规律不仅受地震烈度的影响，而且还受诸如黄土的自然特征，地质构造，地貌结构和区域新构造运行等自然环境的控制．     

安宁河断裂带北段的最新地面活断层与地震潜在能力研究

从最新地面活断层的不连续性,断层滑动速率以及古地震研究的角度讨论安宁河断裂带北段的地震潜在能力,认为不连续的活断层可能成为各自独立的地震破裂单元,从而决定了地震的潜在能力,其中,野鸡洞破裂段的潜在地震能力最强,可达7级。上次地震至今的平静时间已接近古地震的平均重现间隔,因而具有高度的地震危险性     

由环境应力值寻找地震危险区的尝试

作者根据位错理论,采用二维矩形破裂模式,在导出了平均震源速度谱的基础上,导出了用地震波计算环境剪应力τ_0的公式。计算了1987—1991年中国和邻区大约1000多次4级以上中强地震的环境剪应力值τ_0,并把τ_0≥10MPa的地震看作是高剪应力值地震。自1987—1991年5年内,我国及邻区共发生M_s≥6.0的强震45次,和160余次高剪应力中强地震(M=4.0-5.0,τ_0≥10MPa),大约有1/4的强震和1/3的高应力值地震发生在台湾地区。说明台湾地区是一个高地震活动区和高应力值地区。新疆的喀什—乌恰—乌什地区也是高地震活动区和高应力值地区。我们对发生在其地区的强震,向前追溯了环境应力值τ_0的变化。发现有11个强震事件(约占全部事件80%)在震前1—5年内,在以强震为圆心,半径为200km范围内(个别略远),均有1—2个或多个高应力值地震出现。说明当高应力值地震发生时,该地区环境应力在增高,它可以作为将要发生强震的前兆。据此,推测了今后3年内大陆强震发生的可能地区是:①中印缅三国边境地区;②西藏波密地区;③青海北部到宁夏北部地区;④新疆伊宁地区;⑤纵贯新青藏90°E±2°线地带;⑥晋北忻州地区;⑦苏北及黄海地区;⑧山东长岛地区。     

基于ArcGIS的滑坡空间分布的变维分形研究——以江西省宁都县为例

滑坡空间分布的定量研究对了解滑坡的发育特征具有实际意义，能够为滑坡的防治提供重要依据.为了了解滑坡的空间分布特征，以江西省宁都县1：5万地质灾害调查数据为基础，基于ArcGIS空间分析叠加模块，对滑坡空间分布规律应用变维分形理论进行定量研究，揭示出滑坡空间分布与地形地貌、岩土体类型、高程、坡度均呈二价累计和分形分布，使得滑坡与各因素之间的关系从定性分析上升到定量研究，并计算出分维值，说明了分维值的意义.     

伸展地区铲式正断层作用及其大地测量观测

铲式正断层作用是伸展构造区最主要的构造运动形式。本文根据铲式正断层作用的几何学、运动学特征,结合华北平原伸展区大地测量观测成果,探讨伸展区构造形变铲式正断层现今活动的地表形变效应及其动态特征。     

阳原盆地化稍营地区断层主要活动时期的研究

研究一个地区断层主要活动时期是了解地壳构造运动或断层发育历史的基础。本文仍沿用了传统研究法,并将同位素法和石英形貌法测年与显微构造分析法引进到研究断层主要活动时期的工作中,取得了能相互映正的结果,最后确定阳原盆地化稍营地区的断层经历过:元古代前;燕山期;6～9千万年;上新世——早更新世和最后一次较强烈活动在20—30万年以前等五次主要活动时期。     

The interaction between armouring and particle weathering for eroding landscapes

The interaction between particle weathering and surface armouring and its effect on erosion has been investigated. The effect of soil armouring is to decrease sediment transport with time by preferentially stripping away fine particles. On the other hand the effect of weathering, which breaks down the particles in the armour, is generally believed to increase erosion. By extending an existing armouring model, ARMOUR, and using a variety of published weathering mechanisms this interaction has been explored. The model predicts that while this is generally true, in some cases erosion can be decreased by weathering. When the particles generated by weathering were approximately of equal diameter, erosion increased while armouring decreased. When weathering produced very fine particles by spalling, erosion increased and armouring also increased. When weathering produced a range of particles from fine to coarse, the armour layer broke down and erosion decreased relative to the no‐weathering case. This latter decrease in erosion was due to the high entrainment of coarser transportable materials from the bed decreasing the sediment transport capacity of the flow. In these studies clear regimes could be identified where erosion was limited by either the energy of the flow alone (i.e. ‘transport‐limited’), or the rate of weathering (‘weathering‐limited’); however, for some mechanisms there was an interaction between the two, which we called ‘weathering/transport limited’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of variable attribute weights on landform classification

This paper focuses on the attribute weight issue and advocates use of modi?able attribute weights in terrain‐based environmental analysis and classi?cation. A question was asked: ‘How much will the result of a terrain‐based environmental analysis be affected if the weights of used terrain attributes are changed?’ The literature on landform classi?cation and the fuzzy k‐means method was reviewed in particular to help clarify the background and importance of this weight assignment issue. As an example, the effects of modifying attribute weights were evaluated for fuzzy k‐means landform classi?cation in a case study area. A total of 102 classi?cations were compared with each other and with a soil map, and comparison methods were speci?cally designed to evaluate the differences between these classi?cations. The results show that fuzzy k‐means landform classi?cation is sensitive to weight adjustments of adopted terrain attributes. The sensitivity is particularly high when the attribute weights started to be tuned away from the standard (i.e. uniform) weight of one. Better matching between landform classi?cation and a soil map may be produced when attribute weights are tuned. In all, we advocate the widespread adoption of an exploratory attitude in assigning attribute weights for environmental analysis and classi?cation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

剑门地貌特征、成因及与丹霞地貌之比较

剑门地貌见于四川盆地北部的剑阁县剑门关一带,是一种特定的砾岩地貌,以发育砾岩悬崖绝壁、砾岩关隘、砾岩峡谷、砾岩山峦、砾岩峰丛等为特征,规模宏大,气势如虹。龙门山山前广泛分布,景观独特,与广东丹霞地貌显著不同。     

Tectonic implications of damage zone-related fault-fracture networks revealed in drill core through the Nojima fault, Japan

1800 m of drill core through the Nojima fault zone, Japan, reveals subsidiary fault and fracture networks that developed in the fault zone that triggered the 1995 Ms 7.2 Kobe earthquake. The subsidiary fault zones contain a fault gouge of < 1 cm bounded by thin zones of foliated cataclasite or breccia. Fractures are filled with calcite veins, calcite-cemented breccias, clay, and iron-oxide and carbonate alternation of the granitic host rock. These features are typical of extensional fractures that form the conduit network for fluid flux close to a major fault zone. The zone of distributed deformation surrounding the main fault is 50 m in width, and the dip of the Nojima fault at > 1 km depth is 75°. The fault-fracture networks associated with the Nojima fault zone are coseismic and were filled with carbonate and fine-grained material during repeated seismic-related infiltration of the fault zone by carbonate-bearing subsurface water. This study shows that fault-related fracture networks plays an important role as fluid flow conduits within seismically active faults, and can change in character from zones of high permeability to low permeability due to cementation and/or pore collapse.