酸性金黄染料在即时合成层状双氢氧化物结构中嵌入作用

工业染料废水是一类治理难度很大的有机废水,研究新的处理工业染料废水的方法是水污染控制技术领域的重要课题之一。本文研究即时合成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)处理酸性金黄溶液的效果以及影响因素,并利用XRD分析研究了酸性金黄染料在LDH结构中的嵌入方式和反应机理。结果表明,在酸性金黄溶液中同时加入镁盐和铝盐,在pH 7~11的范围内,酸性金黄都有很高的去除率。酸性金黄阴离子以补偿LDH层板电荷的形式嵌入到层间。嵌入到层间的酸性金黄阴离子以双层倾斜45°方式排列。     

全国酸雨观测网未知水样考核结果的统计分析

应用客观统计方法,整理分析了1992年以来全国酸雨观测站网的11次pH未知水样和2次电导率未知水样的考核结果。分析显示,采用稀释和pH调制的标准缓冲溶液作为pH未知水样,其测量偏差随pH标准值的变化不显著,历年的测量标准差均小于0.2pH单位。pH未知水样测量偏差的波动状况指示出观测台站仪器和人员的技术状态变化,对仪器更新、人员培训以及新业务规范的执行等业务建设和质量管理活动有显著的正面响应。对pH未知水样测量偏差的统计还显示,2001年后pH平均测量偏差出现负偏态分布特征,该特征在总体偏差较大时尤为明显,说明部分技术状态不良的台站往往容易出现较大的系统性负偏差。根据考核结果,按照世界气象组织(WMO)推荐的方法,计算除1992年外各次考核的pH值测量的修正绝对中值偏差为0.03～0.10pH单位,1992年和2006年电导率测量的修正绝对中值偏差为4%～5%。修正绝对中值偏差的逐年波动情况反映了全国酸雨观测网pH测量的总体偏差也明显地受台站技术状态波动的影响。     

未熟烃源岩中矿物低温催化脂肪酸脱羟生烃动力学模拟实验研究

在１５０～１６０℃和未熟烃源岩矿物的催化下,使十八烷酸脱羟生烃,用测定反应放出的ＣＯ２量随时间的变化关系直接研究了我国７个油田未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羟生烃的动力学。由所得到的动力学参数与未熟烃源岩中碳酸盐含量的关联中发现,在低温、常压、无水条件下或低温、高压、碱性盐水条件下未熟烃源岩对脂肪酸催化脱羟生烃的动力学参数与其碳酸盐的含量有关,一般碳酸盐含量反应速率常数大,而反应活化能低。     

Regional Air Quality Modelling in Canada – Applications for Policy and Real-Time Prediction

Acid rain and photochemical smog are two regionalair-quality issues that have received considerableattention in the last two decades due to their harmfuleffects. Health impacts of particulate matter (PM) inthe atmosphere is another issue of concern.Sulphur dioxide emission controls were introducedin both Canada and the U.S.A. to reduceacid-deposition-related damage. While these emissionreductions have already resulted in reduced sulphatedeposition, based on results from modelling studiesmuch of southeastern Canada is still expected toexperience damaging levels of acid deposition evenafter all currently legislated emission controls arefully implemented. Moreover, there has not been acorresponding reduction in the acidity ofprecipitation. This may be attributable to aconcurrent reduction in base-cation concentration inprecipitation.Models were also developed to understand theformation, transport and diffusion of troposphericozone. The models have been used to provide policyguidance for emission control options to reduceground-level ozone to acceptable limits. In thesummer of 1997 a Canadian pilot project was initiatedto provide real-time forecasts of ground-level ozonein the southeastern part of the province of NewBrunswick in eastern Canada.With the emergence of fine Particulate Matter(PM_2.5) as a health concern, efforts are underwayin Canada to develop a unified' regional air-qualitymodel that will address the combined impacts ofvarious pollutants in the atmosphere. In this effortthe atmosphere is viewed as a single entity where theimpacts of multiple pollutants are considered at thesame time.     

黄龙钙华有机碳测定方法的对比研究

中国四川黄龙钙华不仅具有重要的旅游价值,其有机碳含量对确定区内钙华沉积规律和环境生物的作用与贡献也具有重要意义。钙华有机碳测定的前提是有效去除无机碳,较好保留有机组分并测定,才能够准确地为生物参与钙华沉积提供依据。本文采用酸溶法、消解法、容量法对钙华有机碳含量进行了测定,结果表明:酸溶法会改变有机碳在钙华中所占质量分数,测试结果偏高,并且相对标准偏差(RSD)为23.73%~30.95%,精度较差;消解法对黑色、黄色两种钙华有机碳的测试较为准确,但对白色钙华的测试精度不够理想;容量法测试结果的RSD为3.27%~11.11%,在测定时受钙华组分中干扰物质和外界因素影响。通过横向对比这3种方法的优缺点和测试误差来源,认为消解法适用于钙华有机碳测定。     

酸雨石等5种常用吸盐材料的盐碱土壤改良效果研究

以黑龙江省大庆市林甸县长青林场3个不同小区为实验地,分别采用酸雨石等5种吸盐材料对不同小区盐碱土壤进行改良,根据改良后土壤pH、导电率变化,对不同材料的盐碱土壤改良效果进行比较。研究表明,短期内吸盐速率:酸雨石活性炭腐熟牛粪沸石稻壳,长期吸盐量:酸雨石活性炭沸石稻壳腐熟牛粪,效果持久性为酸雨石最强,活性炭、沸石次之,稻壳较弱,腐熟牛粪最弱。酸雨石解碱能力最强,活性炭次之,沸石、牛粪、稻壳解碱能力较弱。因此,酸雨石在5种盐碱土改良剂中具有最强吸盐解碱能力。     

江西乐平市戴村重金属环境地球化学特征及意义

戴村位于江西省乐平市东乐安江边,因受上游德兴铜矿、银山多金属矿和金山金矿等矿床的影响,从而成为我国十大癌症村之一。本文通过对戴村的一、二级阶地(T1、T2)土壤、地表水、地下水、小白菜样品中的重金属含量和pH值进行测定,发现仅T1近河处土壤As、Cd的单因子污染指数(As分别为1.213、1.473,Cd为1.98)达到轻度污染,T2土壤元素单因子指数(0.7)和内梅洛综合指数(1)均属于安全范围,土壤整体pH值为4.38~5.7,低于国家标准(6.5),土壤中重金属含量及其累积速率总体呈现随着与河流距离的增加而含量逐渐减小的趋势;地表水与地下水水质安全;小白菜Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Hg超标率依次为6.7%、86.7%、100%、100%、100%,且小白菜对Cd的富集倍数较高(范围为1.03~4.88);居民重金属的非致癌风险指数为0.137,非致癌健康危害不显著但仍具较大的潜在危害,致癌风险值为1.65×10~(–4),为不可接受风险;针对河流上游矿山、农作物种植、居民生活习惯三方面提出污染防治建议。     

赣南山区矿泉水出露模式探讨

赣南属于典型的山区,也是严重缺水区,一般在山区沟谷两侧有优质矿泉水涌出地表。宁都县位于赣南北部,具有赣南典型的地貌特征、构造特征。现以宁都县为例,探讨矿泉水的分布与出露模式。通过区域地质调查、水文地质条件分析及水质分析,发现:矿泉水类型主要为偏硅酸矿泉水,含量30.72~48.56 mg/L,水化学类型为HCO_3-CaNa型水,水温普遍低于25℃,溶解性总固体小于153.53 mg/L,属于低矿化冷矿泉;断裂构造为矿泉水形成提供水动力条件,也为矿泉水的运移、贮存提供良好空间;地形地貌以侵蚀构造山地丘陵为主,高差大、切割深的径流条件促进了地下水中偏硅酸的富集;花岗岩中的高含量SiO_2为矿泉水提供了物质基础,且风化程度高、裂隙发育,水岩作用进行充分。     

Research Progress of Modification of Reservoirs by Dissolution in Sedimentary Rock

With the deepening of exploration degree, the progress of exploration technology and the increasing demands for oil and gas resources, some deep buried reservoirs with relatively poor physical properties have attracted more and more attention of geologists. After decades of exploration, many high-quality reservoirs with shallow burial and well-preserved primary pores have been widely discovered and put into production. However, deep buried tight reservoirs with secondary dissolved pores as the main reservoir space are increasingly becoming the focus of exploration in mature exploration areas. Therefore, searching for secondary pore development zones and dissolved "sweet" reservoirs will become an important new field for fine exploration in the future. Based on some typical case studies and a large number of research results, this paper systematically expounded the modification of reservoirs by dissolution from the following four aspects:①Diagenetic stage of dissolution; ②Types of dissolution fluids;③Main controlling factors of dissolution; ④Effect of dissolution on reservoir modification. In recent years, more and more research achievements have made important progress in dissolution mechanism and reservoir modification effect. The systematic analysis of these mainstream views has some reference value for similar geological conditions in the future.     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸对冬菠菜土壤温度的影响特性研究

为了探究添加γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对冬菠菜种植中土壤温度的影响,设计施用不同γ-PGA浓度的单因素试验,对冬菠菜不同生育期和不同土壤深度的土壤温度进行了监测和分析,研究结果表明:施用γ-PGA增大了地表以下5 cm处日最高土壤温度,但日最高土壤温度与γ-PGA施用量并非正相关;在大气温度变化较大的冬菠菜发芽期和生长期,γ-PGA施用量较多的地表以下5cm处土壤日温度变化幅度较大;另外,γ-PGA施用量增大时,相同土层深度最高温度和最低温度均呈先增大后减小趋势,其中添加0.3%γ-PGA的土壤最高温度和最低温度明显相对最高。因此,施用适量的γ-聚谷氨酸可以有效起到保墒和保温的作用,可为冬菠菜的生长提供良好的生长环境。