Emergent geomorphic–vegetation interactions on a subalpine alluvial fan

Following perturbation, an ecosystem (flora, fauna, soil) should evolve as a function of time at a rate conditioned by external variables (relief, climate, geology). More recently, biogeomorphologists have focused upon the notion of co‐development of geomorphic processes with ecosystems over very short through to very long (evolutionary) timescales. Alpine environments have been a particular focus of this co‐development. However, work in this field has tended to adopt a simplified view of the relationship between perturbation and succession, including: how the landform and ecosystem itself conditions the impact of a perturbation to create a complex spatial response impact; and how perturbations are not simply ecosystem destroyers but can be a significant source of ecosystem resources. What this means is that at the within landform scale, there may well be a complex and dynamic topographic and sedimentological template that co‐develops with soil, flora and fauna. Here, we present and test a conceptual model of this template for a subalpine alluvial fan. We combine detailed floristic inventory with soil inventory, determination of edaphic variables and analysis of historical aerial imagery. Spatial variation in the probability of perturbation of sites on the fan surface was associated with down fan variability in the across‐fan distribution of fan ages, fan surface channel characteristics and fan surface sedimentology. Floristic survey confirmed that these edaphic factors distinguished site floristic richness and plant communities up until the point that the soil–vegetation system was sufficiently developed to sustain plant communities regardless of edaphic conditions. Thus, the primary explanatory variable was the estimated age of each site, which could be tied back into perturbation history and its spatial expression due to the geometry of the fan: distinct plant communities were emergent both across fan and down fan, a distribution maintained by the way in which the fan dissipates potentially perturbing events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同期次浊积扇体地震沉积学研究——以车西洼陷缓坡带车40-44块沙三上亚段为例

以车西洼陷缓坡带车40-44块沙三上亚段为例,针对研究区浊积扇体"单期厚度难辨、纵向多期叠置,单个形态难识、横向顺势延展"的特点,在井震标定和分频解释共同确定的等时层序地层界限之内,以沉积相模式为指导,采用地震相分析与地层属性切片相结合的方法,对浊积扇体的横向展布形态和纵向演化规律进行描述和刻画,由此达到对不同期次浊积扇体进行精确识别和精细描述的目的。在研究过程中,主要形成以下几点认识:①Es₃1和Es₃4期次顶、底界限由井震结合标定,其等时性可利用分频解释技术确定;②根据地震相的分布位置及特点,发现浊积扇体均分布于同沉积断层下降盘,且"纵向叠置、横向迁移";③通过地层切片与均方根振幅属性相结合分析,刻画出不同期次浊积扇体横向上受地势影响、呈裙带状分布的规律,和纵向上自下而上扇体数量增多且连续性增强的变化规律。     

大直径低频运转风机对结构振动影响的研究

工业建筑中,由于工艺的需要常布置大量的动力设备,且动力设备与结构相连。某火力发电厂的重要结构,在其钢平台上布置有64台直径为9.14 m的低频运转风机,风机运转频率与结构基频接近。试验设计了该结构包括风机的1/4模型,首先进行动力特性测试,再按照不同工况使风机群按照不同频率运转,测试结构的振动位移反应。分析认为,虽然风机运转引起的结构振动位移绝对值不大,但该动力位移是结构正常工作时频繁出现的,应注意结构的疲劳破坏;风机低频运转对结构的影响要大于高频运转对结构的影响,在实际工程中,风机运转频率接近结构前三阶频率时应跨越。     

岩石电学参数扫频测量

介绍了一种线圈法岩心复电参数扫频测量系统,并运用该系统对岩心进行了实验测量分析.结果表明,线圈法测量结果与电极法结果同样具有电频散特性,二者具有明显的相关性;测量响应与岩心的含水饱和度有着规律性的对应关系;虚部响应比实部响应对含水饱和度的变化更敏感.研究结果为发展电频谱测井新方法奠定了理论基础.     

人类重大工程对格尔木冲洪积扇水资源与生态环境系统的影响研究

格尔木冲洪积扇地处内陆高原，干旱少雨，生态环境极为脆弱，水不仅是区内人民生活和国民经济发展的生命物质基础，也是维持区内脆弱生态环境平衡的主要因素。自50年代以来，该区兴建了一系列重大工程，这些重大工程的兴建对经济发展起到了决定性作用，但同时也诱发了一系列生态环境负效应，造成了巨大的经济损失。因此在研究格尔木地区水资源系统特征的基础上，分析了人类重大工程对格尔木冲洪积扇水资源与生态环境系统的影响，提出了水资源与生态环境系统保护的对策和措施。     

阿北凹陷下白垩统阿尔善组水下扇沉积特征

本文对二连盆地阿北凹陷主要产油层段阿尔善组水下扇体的沉积构造、粒度、重矿物以及电性等特征进行了详细的分析,并应用层序地层学方法将阿尔善组划分为2个三级层序,结合地震解释成果,首次以三级层序为单位勾绘了扇体平面形态展布图,确定了扇根、扇中和扇端3个亚相的沉积区域,建立了水下扇沉积相模式,并对其沉积演化做了简要的分析.     

扇三角洲高分辨率层序地层对比及砂体分布规律

笔者依据岩心、测井资料,通过岩性、电性对比,对胡状集油田沙三中亚段4～8油层组的扇三角洲相储层进行高分辨率层序地层研究,确立了不同级次旋回界面和旋回类型的识别特征,将研究层段分为1个长期旋回和6个中期旋回。依据中期旋回对砂体沉积的控制作用以及垂直、平行物源方向短期旋回与古地貌的变化关系,确定了短期旋回的对比原则和对比方法,建立了短期旋回对比格架。短期旋回地层在中期基准面旋回的不同时期的砂体分布特征差异明显,是造成储层层间和平面非均质性的主要原因,在细分油气开发层系时应区别对待。     

炎热干旱地区一种节能空调系统的初讨

搭建了热管式间接蒸发冷却器实验台，提出将热管式间接蒸发冷却器应用于空调系统中，在炎热干旱地区既满足了人体热舒适性的要求，又节约了初投资及运行费用。     

Holocene environmental change and vegetation contraction in the Sonoran Desert

Two types of microtopographic features (plant scar mounds and plant scar depressions) on surfaces of barren desert pavements provide a unique record of the former presence of large perennial plants. Evidence of bioturbation by burrowing animals extends more than 1 m beneath each type of plant scar, indicating that both features originated as large bioturbation mounds. Formation of bioturbation mounds in desertscrub environments is generally restricted to areas beneath widely separated, large perennial plants. The contrasting forms of plant scars (mounds vs. depressions) represent time-dependent changes following disappearance of the large plants and eventual cessation of bioturbation. Plant scar mounds represent a geologically recent episode of plant mortality, whereas plant scar depressions represent the disappearance of plants at a considerably earlier time, possibly at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Contrasting spatial distributions of the two kinds of plant scars indicate that vegetation on alluvial fans has progressively contracted from a more diffuse, former vegetation cover, yielding the wide, barren pavement surfaces present today. In less arid portions of the Sonoran Desert, spatial distribution of recent plant mortality due to persistent, severe drought provides an analog of the progressive loss of plants from different parts of the landscape in the past.     

Sea-level and tectonic control of middle to late Pleistocene turbidite systems in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California

Small turbidite systems offshore from southern California provide an opportunity to track sediment from river source through the turbidity‐current initiation process to ultimate deposition, and to evaluate the impact of changing sea level and tectonics. The Santa Monica Basin is almost a closed system for terrigenous sediment input, and is supplied principally from the Santa Clara River. The Hueneme fan is supplied directly by the river, whereas the smaller Mugu and Dume fans are nourished by southward longshore drift. This study of the Late Quaternary turbidite fill of the Santa Monica Basin uses a dense grid of high‐resolution seismic‐reflection profiles tied to new radiocarbon ages for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 back to 32 ka. Over the last glacial cycle, sedimentation rates in the distal part of Santa Monica Basin averaged 2–3 mm yr^?1, with increases at times of extreme relative sea‐level lowstand. Coarser‐grained mid‐fan lobes prograded into the basin from the Hueneme, Mugu and Dume fans at times of rapid sea‐level fall. These pulses of coarse‐grained sediment resulted from river channel incision and delta cannibalization. During the extreme lowstand of the last glacial maximum, sediment delivery was concentrated on the Hueneme Fan, with mean depositional rates of up to 13 mm yr^?1 on the mid‐ and upper fan. During the marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 transgression, enhanced rates of sedimentation of > 4 mm yr^?1 occurred on the Mugu and Dume fans, as a result of distributary switching and southward littoral drift providing nourishment to these fan systems. Longer‐term sediment delivery to Santa Monica Basin was controlled by tectonics. Prior to MIS 10, the Anacapa ridge blocked the southward discharge of the Santa Clara River into the Santa Monica Basin. The pattern and distribution of turbidite sedimentation was strongly controlled by sea level through the rate of supply of coarse sediment and the style of initiation of turbidity currents. These two factors appear to have been more important than the absolute position of sea level.