Can liquefied debris flows deposit clean sand over large areas of sea floor? Field evidence from the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation,Italian Apennines

The Marnoso‐arenacea Formation in the Italian Apennines is the only ancient rock sequence where individual submarine sediment density flow deposits have been mapped out in detail for over 100 km. Bed correlations provide new insight into how submarine flows deposit sand, because bed architecture and sandstone shape provide an independent test of depositional process models. This test is important because it can be difficult or impossible to infer depositional process unambiguously from characteristics seen at just one outcrop, especially for massive clean‐sandstone intervals whose origin has been controversial. Beds have three different types of geometries (facies tracts) in downflow oriented transects. Facies tracts 1 and 2 contain clean graded and ungraded massive sandstone deposited incrementally by turbidity currents, and these intervals taper relatively gradually downflow. Mud‐rich sand deposited by cohesive debris flow occurs in the distal part of Facies tract 2. Facies tract 3 contains clean sandstone with a distinctive swirly fabric formed by patches of coarser and better‐sorted grains that most likely records pervasive liquefaction. This type of clean sandstone can extend for up to 30 km before pinching out relatively abruptly. This abrupt pinch out suggests that this clean sand was deposited by debris flow. In some beds there are downflow transitions from turbidite sandstone into clean debrite sandstone, suggesting that debris flows formed by transformation from high‐density turbidity currents. However, outsize clasts in one particular debrite are too large and dense to have been carried by an initial turbidity current, suggesting that this debris flow ran out for at least 15 km. Field data indicate that liquefied debris flows can sometimes deposit clean sand over large (10 to 30 km) expanses of sea floor, and that these clean debrite sand layers can terminate abruptly.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统珠江组物源及其研究意义

南海北部陆坡深水区3Ma以来碎屑物质来源具多样性、复杂性和变化性.利用砂岩和异源生屑灰岩岩石学及泥岩稀土元素地球化学特征研究了珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统珠江组深水扇的物源.结果表明,珠江组砂岩岩屑主要为变质岩屑和火山岩屑,并含较多深成岩屑.阴极射线下,石英以发蓝紫色-褐色光为主,长石主要发亮蓝色光.异源生屑灰岩为陆坡钙屑碎屑流沉积,来自于神狐暗沙隆起中新统碳酸盐台地.泥岩∑REE与燕山褶皱带燕山期中酸性火山岩较接近,分配模式与上地壳基本一致,并与燕山中酸性火山岩和花岗岩较接近.渐新世末,南海运动使南海海盆第二次海底扩张,并使陆架坡折带由白云凹陷南侧跳跃到凹陷北侧.该构造事件在青藏高原邻近盆地和中国东部盆地都有反映,反映可能发生了青藏高原隆升事件,使珠江组物源向西拓展.珠江期虽然存在活跃的深水牵引流,但珠江组原始物质仍应源自古珠江携带的华南沿海燕山褶皱带的中酸性火山岩、花岗岩和内陆古老的沉积-变质岩.     

南阳地区泌阳凹陷沉积相展布与油气勘探

利用地震、测井、岩心资料,根据沉积构造、岩性剖面结构、砂体厚度确定了泌阳凹陷毕店地区古近系核桃园组三段沉积相类型;借助新的地震反演方法追踪三维数据体中的薄储层,在解释追踪基础上,得到核三段等时单砂层(或小层)厚度变化图,并编制了沉积相分布图。结果表明这里以广泛发育的浊积扇、滑塌扇等浊流沉积为特色,呈现出"南北部浊积扇夹中部深湖相"的沉积格局;早期富浊积砂、晚期富深水泥的沉积演化反映了湖平面的上升过程。基于有利的沉积相带,预测并评价了隐蔽圈闭,为油气勘探提供了依据。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ油田古近系流沙港组一段沉积相

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ油田古近系流沙港组一段是主要含油层系,实钻表明储集层成因复杂、厚度变化大、非均质性强,致使砂体分布预测困难。通过精细的岩心观察,结合各类测井、录井及岩心分析化验资料综合研究,认为流一段属陡坡型扇三角洲沉积,主要发育扇三角洲前缘亚相,其中夹杂有丰富的重力流沉积。扇三角洲前缘亚相主要由水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝和河道间沉积微相组成;重力流沉积包括重力滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及液化流沉积,规模均较小。在深入的单井沉积微相分析和多井对比基础上,编制了流一段主力Ⅳ油组和Ⅱ油组的沉积微相平面图,展示出研究区总体沉积格局为稳定的扇三角洲前缘环境,物源充分,主要来自北部和西北部,因斜坡带较陡,在扇三角洲前缘至前扇三角洲环境发育丰富的各类重力流沉积。根据各沉积微相的特征与展布,建立了本区较深水陡坡型扇三角洲沉积模式。分析了不同微相砂体的物性与含油性,认为扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体最好,其次是河口坝砂体,远砂坝和远端浊积砂体相对较差。提出了有利的挖潜区域和调整井位,实钻遇油层数十米,为油田增储上产发挥了重要作用。     

空冷风机桥架疲劳寿命分析

基于现场实测风机桥架振动响应,采用风机调幅扰力模型进行结构动力响应分析.根据不同工况下疲劳危险点的名义应力时程,采用雨流计数法和各工况年运行频次调查结果编制疲劳载荷谱.通过Miner损伤累积准则和p-S-N关系对风机桥架进行疲劳损伤分析,给定疲劳破坏的损伤阈值,所得疲劳寿命满足设计使用年限的要求.采用Goodman、Gerber和Soderberg模型考虑平均应力影响时的疲劳寿命略有降低.     

Holocene Lake Evolution in the Elmali Basin,Southwest Turkey

The spatial coverage of paleoecological research from southwestern Turkey is expanded by reporting on a ca. 12,690 ¹⁴C yr BP (14,935 cal yr BP) proxy record recovered from the Elmali basin. Four AMS radiocarbon age determinations, the litho-stratigraphic analysis of a lake bed core, and the analysis of subsurface sediment samples from 15 shallow auger holes across the basin document sedimentation patterns during the Holocene. Based on the widespread occurrence of Chara gyrogonite, and several species of ostracoda and gastropoda, the Elmali basin was dominated by lacustrine and palustrine environments but was continually influenced by alluvial fan sedimentation. Contrasting stratigraphy in the Kara Göl and Avlan Gölü sub-basins is a result of basin morphology, and possibly hydrologic control by karst features, and sub-basin isolation due to alluvial fan development. The cyclical deposition of marl/lime mud, gyttja, and peat in the Kara Göl core is indicative of periodic fluctuations in water level across a broad shallow basin, whereas the continuous clay record observed at Avlan Gölü implies deep-water sedimentation within a plugged former karst collapse feature. Calcareous clay deposited between 14,935 and 11,180 cal yr BP signals the growth and expansion of paleo Lake Elmali, which at its peak during the late Pleistocene, may have inundated over half of the of the 180 km² Elmali basin.     

大理冲积扇含水层非均质性分布规律研究

洪-冲积扇的非均质性分布规律对含水层渗流和污染物迁移研究、地下水污染管理、控制及修复具有重要意义。本文以大理点苍山东麓隐仙溪洪-冲积扇为例,对其水动力条件、沉积构造模型、地形坡度与运移距离的关系进行探讨。研究表明,冲积扇沉积非均质受水动力条件影响,当水动力较好时,沉积颗粒物为砾石和漂砾,填充泥质和粉砂质,水动力较弱时沉积多为砂质和粘土颗粒,扇面整体以水流河道为中心轴呈扇形沉积;冲积扇沉积颗粒物的分选性和磨圆度受地形坡度的影响,地形坡度大沉积颗粒物分选性和磨圆度差,搬运距离越远分选性和磨圆度越好;扇顶因水动力强,坡度大,沉积物分选性和磨圆度差,层理不发育,扇中扇缘随着水动力条件及地形坡度减弱,沉积物分选性和磨圆度逐渐变好,层理较为发育,沉积为水平或均匀层理。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷曙二区大凌河油层湖底扇沉积特征与沉积模式探讨

利用成熟探区翔实的岩芯、录井和测井等资料,研究了辽河盆地西部凹陷曙二区大凌河油层湖底扇沉积特征与沉积模式。研究表明,大凌河油层湖底扇具有较为发育的水道体系（主沟道或辫状沟道）,平面上相带展布、扇体的分布面积、砂体延伸方向和分布模式受水道及古地貌变化的控制。水道体系及其控制的沉积体呈顺源、带状展布。主沟道向前延伸逐渐变为规模较大的辫状沟道沉积,两侧发育辫状沟道侧缘,呈条带-舌形展布,向湖方向逐渐演变为多支小型末端辫状沟道沉积。湖底扇内部平面微相序列表现为“主沟道→主沟道堤→深湖泥”或“辫状沟道→辫状沟道侧缘→辫状沟道间（或末梢）→深湖泥”的变化特征。每支辫状沟道控制形成的带状沉积体间均为明显深湖-半深湖泥岩沉积分割,呈带状-舌状沉积体向湖盆中心延伸较远。     

“路易贝贝”产出层位时代及其古环境

"路易贝贝"恐龙胚胎化石产于中国河南省南阳市西峡县阳城乡,位于西峡盆地上白垩统高沟组下(底)部,是Macroelongatoolithus xixaensis(西峡巨型长形蛋)的胚胎骨骼化石。西峡盆地上白垩统自下而上划分为高沟组、马家村组、寺沟组。高沟组产有丰富的恐龙蛋化石和少量恐龙骨骼化石,以及少量的双壳类、腹足类、介形类、轮藻、植物孢粉、植物化石碎片和丰富的遗迹化石。依据上述化石的地质时代并结合高沟组与上覆马家村组整合接触关系和寺沟组化石组合情况,以及高沟组与下伏泥盆系南湾组角度不整合接触关系和周边相邻盆地的地层对比,将西峡盆地高沟组地质时代置于晚白垩世中晚期的康尼亚克期(Coniacian)。高沟组下、中部为半干旱温热气候条件下的红色陆相类磨拉石建造的陆源碎屑岩,属间歇性的、以牵引流为主的浑水河流冲积扇沉积物;高沟组上部为冲积扇和辫状河沉积。"路易贝贝"所在层位的古地理环境是冲积扇扇端朝向南的、缓坡状宽阔平坦的冲积扇扇面,可归入冲积扇相-扇端亚相-漫流微相。     

新疆巴尔鲁克山一带下—中泥盆统库鲁木迪组岩相剖面分析及相模式建立

新疆西准噶尔巴尔鲁克山一带下—中泥盆统库鲁木迪组曾被广泛认为是滨海-浅海沉积相。通过测制库鲁木迪组Ⅰ、Ⅱ岩相剖面,结合工作区内库鲁木迪组岩性、沉积构造、厚度、化石等特征,研究其沉积岩石学及相特征,划分沉积相单元、组合序列,分析其由冲积扇、扇三角洲及滨-浅海相组成,重点建立该区早—中泥盆世沉积模式,为后期区域地质矿产调查工作提供一定的基础地质资料。