库车坳陷白垩系储层的形成环境及成因分析

近年来 ,在中国新疆库车前陆盆地中发现了克拉 2等大型、特大型气田 ,并显示出良好的油气勘探前景。白垩系巴什基奇克、巴西盖组地层是克拉 2等气田的主力储层 ,研究其成因并建立科学合理的预测机制具有重大的理论和现实意义。在对库车盆地的构造背景、沉积物质来源、岩石结构特征、古生物、微量元素地球化学特征、粒度分析、沉积构造、沉积体系等多侧面进行综合研究的基础上 ,认为该区在下白垩系储层沉积时处于干旱氧化的古气候环境 ,储层岩石具低成分成熟度和结构成熟度的特征 ,储层自下而上具典型的沉积构造和完整的沉积序列 ,应属扇三角洲—辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。特别是粒度资料分析表明该区的储层多呈一个过渡性的特征 ,它既不同于典型的浊流 ,又不同于典型的曲流河特征 ,形成了该区以辫状河为主的显著沉积特点。     

塔北隆起侏罗系阳霞组沉积特征

塔北隆起侏罗系阳霞组下粗上细的沉积特征显示其为典型的河流相沉积,东部普惠1井序列发育最全,向轮南隆起方向具有明显的顶剥底超特征。河流沉积体系中,颗粒普遍偏粗,物源主要来自东河塘以北、英买力以西及跃南地区,英买力西部、东河塘北部以北以及跃南1、2井以南发育近源小型冲积扇,由西向东发育辫状河沉积体系。根据沉积相的空间展布模式,可预测低位域三角洲及湖泊相发育于草湖及其以东地区;阳霞组砂体分别向北部的轮台凸起、南部的中央隆起尖灭,是寻找岩性地层圈闭的有利地区。     

断陷盆地陡坡带砂砾岩扇体地震反射特征--以东营凹陷为例

针对陆相断陷盆地陡坡带发育的砂砾岩扇体油气藏具有成因类型多、形态各异、岩性变化大、地震识别和描述困难的特点,主要从陡坡带砂砾岩扇体的类型和沉积特征研究入手,分析了大量的实际地震资料,总结出了陡坡带冲积扇、近岸水下扇、扇三角洲和近源浊积扇4种类型砂砾岩扇体的地震相特征及地震波传播速度、振幅、频率、相干性等地震属性特征;根据其地震特征建立的地震识别模式在东营凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩扇体的油气藏勘探中取得了良好的应用效果.     

Sediment‐rich meltwater plumes and ice‐proximal fans at the margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers: Observations and modelling

Turbid meltwater plumes and ice‐proximal fans occur where subglacial streams reach the grounded marine margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers. However, the spacing and temporal stability of these subglacial channels is poorly understood. This has significant implications for understanding the geometry and distribution of Quaternary and ancient ice‐proximal fans that can form important aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Remote‐sensing and numerical‐modelling techniques are applied to the 200 km long marine margin of a Svalbard ice cap, Austfonna, to quantify turbid meltwater‐plume distribution and predict its temporal stability. Results are combined with observations from geophysical data close to the modern ice front to refine existing depositional models for ice‐proximal fans. Plumes are spaced ca 3 km apart and their distribution along the ice front is stable over decades. Numerical modelling also predicts the drainage pattern and meltwater discharge beneath the ice cap; modelled water‐routing patterns are in reasonable agreement with satellite‐mapped plume locations. However, glacial retreat of several kilometres over the past 40 years has limited build‐up of significant ice‐proximal fans. A single fan and moraine ridge is noted from marine‐geophysical surveys. Closer to the ice front there are smaller recessional moraines and polygonal sediment lobes but no identifiable fans. Schematic models of ice‐proximal deposits represent varying glacier‐terminus stability: (i) stable terminus where meltwater sedimentation produces an ice‐proximal fan; (ii) quasi‐stable terminus, where glacier readvance pushes or thrusts up ice‐proximal deposits into a morainal bank; and (iii) retreating terminus, with short still‐stands, allowing only small sediment lobes to build up at melt‐stream portals. These modern investigations are complemented with outcrop and subsurface observations and numerical modelling of an ancient, Ordovician glacial system. Thick turbidite successions and large fans in the Late Ordovician suggest either high‐magnitude events or sustained high discharge, consistent with a relatively mild palaeo‐glacial setting for the former North African ice sheet.     

塔里木盆地西部一间房露头区奥陶系台缘储层沉积体系分析

碳酸盐岩台地边缘优质储层相带预测一直是石油勘探家关注的焦点,露头沉积体系精细结构分析及其储集性能研究是总结预测模型的一把关键钥匙。在塔里木盆地西部一间房露头区,通过详细的野外地质调查、沉积体横向追踪与对比、典型沉积体系剖面写实、系统取样和室内测试分析等方法,对中奥陶统一间房组台缘生物礁-滩沉积体系、上奥陶统良里塔格组底部的台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系进行了系统的沉积体系内部成因相构成及其储集性能研究。研究认为台缘沉积体系具有复杂的内部构成,其成因相具有相对固定的空间配置格架和品质迥异的储集性能。在台缘靠近台地一侧往往发育生物礁-滩沉积体系,由生物礁、生物碎屑滩和台缘背景沉积等3种成因相组合构成。生物碎屑滩产出于生物礁周围,礁前则具有特征的砾质滩。由内侧滩向外侧滩沉积物颗粒变细、分选性变差、生屑含量和亮晶胶结物减少。而在台缘靠近盆地一侧,则往往台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系,主要由斜坡、斜坡扇、扇面水道和滑塌体等4种成因相组合构成。扇面水道通常切割斜坡扇,滑塌体周围往往伴生有小型斜坡扇体。由斜坡扇或者扇面水道的近端向远端,沉积物由砾质逐渐转变为砂质。在上述两种台缘沉积体系中,礁前内侧砂质滩和礁后内侧砂质滩、远端砂质斜坡扇具有良好的储层品质。比较而言,台缘生物礁-滩沉积体系的潜在储集性能总体上优于台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系。     

Seismic sedimentology study of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area,northwest of Junggar Basin

Seismic sedimentology is the effective method to depict the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of sedimentary system. Taking the Chunguang exploration area in the northwest of the Junggar Basin as an example,the sequence boundaries and their distributions were analyzed at first,and the high-resolution sequence framework was thus built. And then the sedimentary types were identified combined with seismic,mud-logging,well-logging,core and analytic data. Under the guidance of seismic sedimentology,the distribution of sedimentary systems were depicted using several techniques including stratal slicing. The results show that: (1)the Cretaceous was divided into four third-order sequences and seven fourth-order sequences in the Chunguang exploration area;(2)four types of sedimentary facies types are identified,including fan delta,braided river delta,hyperpycnal-flow deposits and lake;(3)through the phase adjustment,a good corresponding relationship between seismic amplitude and lithology is established. The frequency decomposition,RGB blending and stratal slicing techniques were carried out,and the spatial-temporal distribution of sedimentary systems in the study area was depicted precisely. During the depositional period of the Hutubi Formation,fan delta was developed in the northwest of the study area,and braided river delta and hyperpycnal-flow deposits were developed in the east,sinuous channels and lateral accretion packages can be observed from the stratal slices. The lake transgression reached the maximum during the depositional period of the Shengjinkou Formation,and it was favorable to development and preservation of hyperpycnal-flow deposits. The inherited fan delta deposits were still developed in the northwest of the study area. Due to the uplift of the northwest area,it could be only developed in the east area with braided deltas and gradually decreased hyperpycnal-flow deposits during the depositional period of the Lianmuqin Formation.     

郑家王庄地区下第三系沙河街组砂砾岩扇体特征研究

利用现代沉积学理论结合测井和地震等资料，对郑家王庄地区砂砾岩扇体特征研究后认为：郑家王庄地区在下第三系以形成沙一、沙三、四段的较高水动力能砂砾岩扇体（冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇）沉积体为主，其中沙三上亚段扇三角洲砂砾岩体是本区最主要的砂砾岩扇体类型，并具有较好的储集性能，是区内最主要的油气储集体；郑家王庄地区砂砾岩扇体沉积，强烈地受制于边界构造条件；其砂砾岩扇体沉积及其形态均受沉积相的控制，并具有复杂多变的特征，从而直接导致了本区油气藏的聚集和分布具有复杂多变的特点。     

西秦岭关家沟组的沉积环境及其物源

西秦岭关家沟组地层中碎屑颗粒的总体粒度呈现向上变粗的韵律性旋回:下段为以泥质岩、砂岩互层为主的典型浊流沉积组合;中段的碎屑颗粒有向上变粗、砾岩层加厚的趋势;上段以厚层砾岩为主,夹薄层块状砂岩,砾岩中砾石含量、粒度大小分别表现出向上增加、增大的趋势。化石组合表明关家沟组为海相地层,进一步推断关家沟组可能为海底扇浊流沉积体系。对关家沟组杂砂岩组分进行了碎屑颗粒百分含量统计及粉砂岩、板岩的地球化学分析,结果表明稀土元素w(La)、w(Ce)、w(ΣREE)和δ（Eu）等特征值与大陆岛弧构造环境的相似。以本区地层斜层理产状及砾石优选方位为依据,结合砾石颗粒大小在横向上的变化,对关家沟组岩层古水流方向综合分析,推测其古水流方向为230°～356°,以北西向为主;砾石的优选方位在228°～338°之间,以北北西向为主。砾石的统计资料表明,由南向北关家沟组砾石具有颗粒由大逐渐变小、磨圆度由差→较好、优选方位由杂乱→较好的变化趋势。结合前人成果,关家沟组处于碧口弧前盆地系统内,推测关家沟组沉积物主要来自南东向的岛弧。     

东非海岸重点盆地渐新世构造事件—沉积体系耦合关系研究

本论文以东非海岸鲁伍马、坦桑尼亚及拉穆盆地为对象，利用钻井、测井及地震资料，揭示了渐新世构造事件—古地貌特征—沉积系统的耦合关系，服务研究区油气勘探选区。结果表明，（1）板块构造事件控制宏观地貌格局及沉积环境变化。随着印度—塞舌尔板块与非洲板块分离，印度洋逐渐扩张，海水南侵，沉积环境由陆相变为海相。由于Afar地幔柱作用及地层抬升等作用，东非海岸整体呈西高东低地貌格局；（2）洋中脊扩展及断层活动控制盆地隆坳格局及沉积体系宏观展布规律。研究区发育西部坳陷带、中部斜坡带及东部深海平原带，东部Davie东及Davie西断层构成Davie构造带。从西向东依次发育 4 大河流—三角洲—海底扇沉积体系；西部坳陷带以三角洲沉积为主，中部斜坡带发育海底扇，东部深海平原带以半深海—深海泥最为常见，沉积体系多发育在Davie构造带以西；（3）次级断层活动影响沉积体系的发育规模及分布。沉积体系多发育在西部坳陷带及中部斜坡带的凹陷中。因凹陷及次级断裂影响，鲁伍马盆地北部、坦桑尼亚盆地南部沉积体系呈北偏特征，而拉穆盆地具南偏趋势。     

鄂西地区南沱组地层沉积特征及成因分析

以沉积学，流体力学的基本原理为基础，运用沉积对比，粒度统计等方面对鄂西地区南沱组杂砾岩的成因机理进行了探讨，通过岩石类型，剖面层序，岩石的砾石表面特征、碎屑颗粒分布规律及沉积物构造研究后认为，南沱组杂砾岩并非冰碛砾岩，而属海缘盆地下水泥石流和浅海相沉积。