The gravel fans of upper Glen Roy,Lochaber, Scotland: their importance for understanding glacial,proglacial and glaciolacustrine dynamics during the Younger Dryas cold period in an Atlantic margin setting

Over the past 200 years significant research effort has gone into explaining the origin of the obvious former shorelines in Glen Roy (the so-called “Parallel Roads”). The large gravel deposit at the mouth of Glen Turret has attracted similar interest, but a solution to its origin and age remains contested: the same applies to the associated gravel fans in upper Glen Roy. This paper presents the results of systematic mapping and instrumental levelling of these features and new evidence from two previously unrecorded gravel fans in the nearby Allt Chonnal valley. Interpretation of altitudinal and lithofacies data indicates that all the fans (including the one at the mouth of Glen Turret) were deposited in a series of ice-dammed lakes during the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas). The largest gravel fans were deposited in the shallow lake heads of the 260 m, 325 m and 350 m lakes in upper Glen Roy, infilling these areas to the extent that deposition was in part subaerial. The absence of foreset bedding from the deposits is explained by the relatively shallow depth of lake waters, which inhibited development of classic Gilbert-type deltas and encouraged Hjulström-type fans. The previous assumption that gravel deposition into the 325 m and 350 m lakes was relatively limited is shown to be erroneous. The Allt Chonnal gravel fans, deposited into these lakes, have an estimated combined volume of 6,000,000 m³ deposited in about 200 years. Significant gravel deposition into these former lakes continued at least until glaciers started to retreat in Glen Roy. When glacier retreat began, gravel deposition was reduced by over 85%. This research also concludes that the glacier which deposited the Turret fan emanated from Glen Gloy, supplied not only by ice from the south but also from ice that spilled into Glen Gloy from the adjacent Great Glen. The Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS) ice cap mapped in the Monadhliath Mountains was connected to the west Highland ice cap, which at the time filled the Great Glen. Regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) estimates, based solely on the Monadhliath LLS ice cap evidence, may therefore be altitudinally too high.     

同生逆断层控制的砂砾岩沉积模式及有利储集相带分布--以玛湖凹陷南斜坡白25井区上乌尔禾组为例

通过岩芯相-测井相-地震相-分析化验数据对比,结合砂砾岩沉积野外考察实践综合归纳分析,认为上乌尔禾组同生逆断层控制的冲积扇-扇三角洲砂砾岩沉积体系整体呈进积式沉积,具"冲积扇扇根（槽流带）-冲积扇扇中/扇三角洲平原（辫流带）-扇三角洲前缘（水下分流带）-前扇三角洲/滨浅湖（夹杂水下扇）"相序特征,发育槽流、泥石流/砂质碎屑流、辫状河道、水下分流河道、扇面水道五种典型砂砾岩沉积微相类型。同生逆断层带不断抬升剥蚀的累积效应,使近物源区冲积扇扇根沉积整体减薄,同时使同生逆断层控制沉积相带分异的趋势越来越明显。泥质含量是控制挤压背景下砂砾岩储层质量的关键因素,贫泥砂砾岩储层成岩压实减孔效应弱,剩余粒间孔发育,且粗粒级颗粒内部多发育压碎缝沟通粒间孔隙,储层质量最佳。依据储集空间组合类型将有利储集相带分为原生粒间孔-压碎缝发育带、原生粒间孔-次生溶孔发育带两大类。前者主要分布于构造高部位近断裂带-中上斜坡带;后者主要分布于中下部斜坡带。     

渤南洼陷沙二段沉积体系分析

根据层序地层分析的基本思想, 从单井岩心的成因相解释出发, 在渤南洼陷沙二段详细分层对比的基础上, 研究了扇三角洲沉积体系, 讨论了主要储集岩特征。研究结果表明, 渤南洼陷内部沙二段发育较好, 边缘受凸起抬升和物源供给缺乏的影响, 普遍缺失底部砂层; 该区沙二段是在浅水湖泊沉积的背景条件下, 以扇三角洲体系为主的沉积组合, 在研究区西部和北部, 小规模发育近岸水下扇沉积体系; 沙二段储集岩以扇三角洲前缘的砂岩、含砾砂岩及粉砂岩为主, 东南部储集层物性较好, 与油气聚集的关系密切。      

湖平面变化对王58地区浊积扇形成与演化的控制作用研究

在陆相断陷盆地内,湖平面变化、构造作用等外部因素对浊积扇体的形成与演化有明显的控制作用。以东营凹陷南斜坡王58地区沙四上浊积扇为例,分析了湖平面变化对浊积扇发育的控制作用。湖平面变化控制了沉积物供给,从而控制了扇体的发育期次。研究区纯上4砂组沉积时期,湖平面相对较低,研究区浊积扇体并不发育;浊积扇体发育在纯上2、3砂组沉积时期;纯上1砂组沉积时期,湖平面上升,研究区不再发育浊积扇。海平面变化控制了沉积物供给,控制了浊积扇体的发育类型。在纯上3砂组沉积时期,水体较浅,发育带水道的浊积扇;在纯上2砂组沉积时期,湖水较深,发育无水道的滑塌浊积扇。总之,随着湖平面的变化,王58地区沙四上浊积扇经历了从出现、发展直到消亡的整个过程,并且随着湖平面的变化,扇体由带水道的浊积扇体向元水道的滑塌浊积扇体转变。     

疏勒河流域昌马灌区地下水资源数值模拟

应用有限差分方法,采用不规则多边形剖分,对昌马冲洪积扇区地下水资源数量的变化趋势进行了模拟计算。结果表明,该灌区地下水的补给,将由现状以河水入渗补给为主变为以农灌水入渗补给为主,主要补给区由南部洪积扇区移至北部细土平原区;天然排泄量减少,人工排泄占有重要地位,地下水排泄的重心也和补给一样向北迁移;地下水均衡状况将由现状的基本均衡变为负均衡,年均收支逆差2 288亿m3;地下水位总体持续下降,局部略有上升。     

阿尔金断裂为边界的盆地斜坡带扇三角洲

柴达木盆地西部阿尔金断裂系是分割柴达木与塔里木盆地的一条重要的大型逆冲-走滑断裂系,其南缘斜坡西段第三系广泛发育扇三角洲沉积。通过对盆地形成的构造动力学背景及沉积物供给速率、可容空间增长速率、盆地边界条件、源区与湖盆距离等条件分析入手,在大量野外露头精细描述和沉积特征论述的基础上,认为阿尔金斜坡西段第三系发育两种层序序列类型的扇三角洲:退积型和进积型。在此基础上建立了两种扇三角洲沉积模式。阿尔金斜坡西段生储盖组合发育较好。下干柴沟组上部湖相暗色泥岩为主要的烃源岩,进积型扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝,以及退积型水下辫状河道砂体具有较好的储集性能和成藏条件,是本区油气勘探的重点。阿尔金斜坡西段第三系扇三角洲的研究为深入讨论阿尔金造山带的形成演化提供了沉积学方面的依据。     

宁波育王山山前断层几何结构及新活动时代

根据1：10000条带状地质填图所获资料,分析了育王山山前断层的几何结构和新活动时代。断层北起岙张水库大坝东北,向南经河头蕉-竺家-陈家-钱家-俞家-王家一线以西,止于詹家西南,由2条次级段呈羽列式展布,北段为岙张水库-红岩水库段,南段为红岩水库东南-詹家段。剖面上断层地貌显示清楚,西侧为侏罗系构成的育王山低山,东侧为大楔盆地。各条断层皆由多个断面构成宽几米-几十米的断层带。根据探槽、天然剖面特征和OSL、ESR样品年龄测试结果综合分析,断层至少有两期活动,早期活动性质为逆断层,时间为早更新世,晚期活动性质为右旋走滑兼正断或逆断层,时间为中更新世,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期。通过探槽揭露,确定育王山山前洪积扇陡坎是人类活动造成,而非断层陡坎。     

Outcrop-scale acoustic facies analysis and latest Quaternary development of Hueneme and Dume submarine fans, offshore California

The uppermost Quaternary deposits of the Hueneme and Dume submarine fans in the Santa Monica Basin have been investigated using a closed-spaced grid of boomer seismic-reflection profiles, which give vertical resolution of a few tens of centimetres with acoustic penetration to 50 m. Acoustic facies integrated with geometry define six architectural elements, some with discrete subelements that are of a scale that can be recognized in outcrops of ancient turbidite systems. In the Santa Monica Basin, the relationship of these elements to fan morphology, stratigraphy and sediment source is precisely known.
The width of upper Hueneme fan valley has been reduced from 5 km since the last glacial maximum to 1 km at present by construction of laterally confined sandy levees within the main valley. The middle fan comprises three main subelements: thick sand deposits at the termination of the fan valley, low-gradient sandy lobes typically 5 km long and < 10 m thick, and scoured lobes formed of alternating sand and mud beds with many erosional depressions. The site of thickest lobe sediment accumulation shifts through time, with each sand bed deposited in a previous bathymetric low (i.e. compensation cycles). The lower fan and basin plain consists of sheet-like alternations of sand and mud with shallow channels and lenses.
Variations in the rate of late Quaternary sea level rise initiated changes in sediment facies distribution. At lowstand, and during the approximately 11 ka stillstand in sea level, the Hueneme Fan was fed largely by hyperpycnal flow from the Santa Clara River delta, depositing high sediment waves on the right hand levee and thick sandy lobes on the middle fan. At highstand of sea level, most turbidity currents were generated by failure of silty prodelta muds. In contrast, the smaller Dume Fan was apparently always fed from littoral drift of sand through a single-canyon point source.     

广西来宾-合山一带晚二叠世海底扇浊积岩相

广西来宾蓬莱滩及合山马滩两地的晚二叠世地层中发育有典型的重力流沉积构造,如粒序层理、包卷层理、槽模、重荷模、碟状构造和滑塌褶皱等。通过对蓬莱滩合山组和大隆组以及马滩剖面的大隆组岩相特征的详细研究,提出来宾蓬莱滩晚二叠世合山组和大隆组以及合山马滩晚二叠世大隆组形成于海底扇环境,划分出具碟状构造的块状砂岩(B１)、块状砂岩(B2)、近基浊积岩(C)、远基浊积岩(D)、不规则互层的砂泥岩(E)、滑塌褶皱层(F)及含浮游生物化石的页岩、硅质岩(G)等岩相类型,同时归纳出外扇相组合、中扇舌状体相组合、中扇水道相组合、斜坡相组合及深切谷水道相组合等,还对这些海底扇浊积岩系的古地理意义做了讨论。桂中碳酸盐岩台地相区和云开古陆之间在晚二叠世为一发育海底扇浊积岩的深水盆地,其中来宾-合山一带在大隆组沉积期处于水深约300～1 000 m的深水盆地环境,合山一带火山活动提供的火山物质及来自东侧云开古陆的陆源物质构成该区浊积岩的主要物源。