深水沉积差异及其对油气分布影响

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水油气资源丰富,其中盆地东部深水区已发现的亿顿级油气田数量和累计油气可采储量均约为西部深水区的两倍,东、西部深水区油气差异巨大,开展尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积特征和差异研究具有重要的生产意义和学术价值。通过对该盆地大量地震、测井和岩心等资料的分析,提出了西部深水扇主要是由三角洲提供物源,通过大型峡谷的运输,在深水平原区形成树枝状发散的深水扇,又称作“有根深水扇”;东部深水扇也是由三角洲供源,但由于缺乏大型峡谷的运输,沉积物沿大陆斜坡滑移至半深海—深海平原,形成根部不发育的“扇面状”深水扇,又称作“无根深水扇”。尼日尔三角洲盆地东西部深水区油气分布差异,除构造等因素外,其最主要的原因为有/无峡谷作为物源运输通道,分别形成的不同沉积类型,进而分别形成两种样式的深水圈闭类型,最终造成东西部深水区油气分布的巨大差异。     

The Geomorphology of Valley-Floor Troughs Illustrated From Depositional Sequences in the Durance Valley,Southeast France

Three kinds of valley-floor troughs occur in the Durance catchment of southeast France. Details of widths and spatial variations of 10 different sedimentary forms are presented to show how these relate to the present types of troughs and their margins. Internal controls, such as geology, altitude, and available relief, provide a wide variety of conditions, which have been modified through time by external controls such as past and present climates and their hydrological regimes, as well as by anthropogenic activity over several millennia. The 10 sedimentary forms occupy more than 900 km² or 6.4% of the total catchment area, with the present enlarged floodplain having just over 50% of this area. The present channel occupies less than 10%, which is less than the Würm terrace (17.2%) but somewhat more than the marginal colluvia in the lower valley (8.6%). The other forms include older Pleistocene terraces, moraines from the last three glacial stages, and alluvial fans. It is the type of trough and its relative age that condition what, where, and how much of past and present sedimentary forms can survive.     

新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。     

桦甸盆地始新统桦甸组扇三角洲和水下扇粒度分析与对比

桦甸盆地始新统桦甸组扇三角洲主要划分出泥石流、水上分流河道、水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等沉积微相; 水下扇主要划分出辫状沟道和远源浊积岩等沉积微相。扇三角洲沉积物以颗粒支撑为主,自下而上按席状砂、河口坝、水下分流河道、水上分流河道、泥石流的顺序,沉积物粒度和标准偏差递增; 频率曲线尖度递减; 概率累计曲线由高--较高斜度两段式逐渐过渡为中--低斜度两段式、微向上凸的弧线式。反映出上述各微相向上粒度由细变粗的反粒序沉积特征,分选由好变差,杂基含量和水介质能量均逐渐增加。水下扇沉积普遍为杂基支撑,自下而上从远源浊积岩到辫状沟道沉积,粒径和标准偏差增大; 频率曲线尖度减小; 概率累计曲线主要由斜度较高的一段式过渡为斜度不大的一段式或微向上凸的弧线式,说明从远源浊积岩到辫状沟道微相粒度逐渐变粗,分选逐渐变差,杂基含量和水介质能量也逐渐增强。本区扇三角洲CM 图像呈“S”形,主要表现为牵引流沉积特征; 水下扇CM 图像表现为与C = M 线平行的长条带状重力流沉积特征。     

水道加朵体型深水扇形成机制与模式:以白云凹陷荔湾3-1地区珠江组为例

深水扇储层的沉积特征是油气勘探开发中的一个热点问题。通过分析珠江口盆地白云凹陷荔湾3-1地区珠江组深水扇的沉积特征,明确了研究区具备深水扇形成的有利条件,受白云凹陷总体构造沉积背景影响,形成了富砂型的深水扇。本区深水扇是多种流体动力学机制共同作用的结果,碎屑流、浊流及底流相互作用与复合,形成了平面上具水道复合朵体的分布特征。在建立深水扇沉积模式的基础上,提出了水道加朵体型深水扇沉积微相划分方案,研究区储层以重力流水道、天然堤及滑塌朵体为主;而水道逐渐由相对近源的宽浅下切型变为远离物源的窄深型,其深度与天然堤宽度呈正比。     

牛庄洼陷沙三中亚段低位域砂体沉积分布特征

依据录井、测井、岩芯和孢粉化石分析等,认为牛庄洼陷发育于原沙三下亚段上下两套油页岩之中的砂体应属于沙三中亚段低位体系域,为水下冲积扇和深水浊积扇;并阐明了其沉积分布特征,且进一步运用层序地层学原理研究认为研究区低位域砂体沉积相组合-层序及体系域叠置模式为低水位深水浊积扇-湖平上升初期的低水位水下冲积扇-后期的湖侵水道。     

白云凹陷珠江组深水扇成岩作用与成岩相分析

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、镜质体反射率等分析资料,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷荔湾地区珠江组深水扇砂岩储层成岩作用及成岩相进行了系统研究。确定对储层起破坏作用的成岩作用主要有压实、胶结和自生矿物充填作用,起建设性成岩作用的主要有溶蚀作用。综合成岩方式的组合类型和演化序列,认为深水扇砂岩储层成岩演化主体仅进入中成岩阶段A-B期。在建立成岩演化模式的基础上,对成岩相组合特征进行了分析,划分出胶结-弱压实-弱溶蚀相、弱压实-弱胶结-强溶蚀相和中等压实-弱胶结-中等溶蚀相等3种主要成岩相类型,其中以弱压实-弱胶结-强溶蚀相砂体的物性为最好。     

高邮凹陷古近系戴南组扇三角洲沉积体系及其沉积相模式

扇三角洲是苏北盆地高邮凹陷戴南组较为发育的一种沉积类型,集中分布在凹陷南部陡坡带一侧,是该区一个重要的勘探领域。根据岩芯、测井、地震、粒度等资料,对高邮凹陷古近系戴南组扇三角洲的沉积特征进行了研究,建立了高邮凹陷戴南组的沉积相模式。根据单井沉积相、连井沉积相分析以及地震剖面反射特征和砂地比图综合分析,确定了戴南组各亚段沉积相的平面展布,编制了戴南组各亚段沉积相分布图。结果表明：高邮凹陷南部陡坡带地形陡,存在扇三角洲发育的条件,也存在反映浅水环境的岩性特点,成分成熟度和结构成熟度低反映了近物源的条件,还发现反映牵引流和重力流共存的沉积构造特点;从地震反射特征上看,反射结构不稳定,并发现向盆地边缘加厚的楔形地震相。在此基础上,重点对戴南组扇三角洲相各微相进行了分析,共划分出扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲亚相,并进一步划分出水上分流河道、漫滩沼泽、水下分流河道、分流河道间和席状砂等微相,最后详细阐述了各微相的沉积特征。     

渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征

综合壁心、薄片、钻井和三维地震等资料分析渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征,并运用地震相、古地貌和地震属性刻画沉积体系平面展布.研究表明,古近系由1个二级层序、4个三级层序组成,经历了一个完整的湖泊初始发育、扩张及萎缩阶段,主要发育扇三角洲、碳酸盐岩浅滩、半深湖-深湖、辫状河三角洲等沉积体系.不同的沉积体系形成于不同的湖泊演化阶段,地震响应特征也不同.扇三角洲和碳酸盐岩浅滩发育于湖泊初始发育阶段,扇三角洲表现为填充型楔形前积反射,沿凸起边缘断坡带呈朵状分布;碳酸盐岩浅滩表现为水进型丘形叠瓦状反射,呈椭圆状分布于水下古隆起带上,椭圆的长轴方向平行于水下古隆起带走向;半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩发育于湖泊扩张期,表现为平行连续中弱振幅反射,在庙西北洼和渤东凹陷深陷带最为发育;辫状河三角洲发育于湖泊萎缩期,表现为低角度中高频、中弱振幅前积反射,沿凸起边缘挠曲坡折带呈朵叶状分布.庙北地区油气显示普遍,这种沉积体系识别与刻画结果对于该区油气勘探具有重要意义.     

Provenance and sediment characteristics of contemporary gravel deposits at Sellicks Beach,eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent,South Australia

Sellicks Beach, located on the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, is subject to wave-dominated processes and northward longshore transport. During winter, when wave energy is typically vigorous, gravel deposits are exposed across most of the beach, and three step-like berms are well developed. Sand is restricted to a narrow strip that is exposed only at low tide. In contrast, during summer, when wave energy is generally moderate to low, much of the gravel is covered by a thin veneer of sand and only the high berm, on the landward edge of the beach, remains as an obvious feature. Steeply dipping Neoproterozoic to Cambrian strata that outcrop strongly across Sellicks Hill are the original source rocks for the beach gravel; distinctive sedimentary textures, structures and fossils in the cobble-size clasts can be confidently matched with those of the provenance rocks. Much of the sediment entered the modern beach environment as a consequence of coastal erosion of transitional alluvial fan sediments. The oldest alluvial fan sediments are of late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene age. Mount Terrible Gully provides a conduit for the input of fluvial sediment at the mouth of Cactus Canyon, where clasts as large as boulders accumulate across the beach. Sellicks Beach gravels are subject to longshore transport northwards. Relatively softer clasts, such as those derived from the Heatherdale Shale, are rare beyond Cactus Canyon. In contrast, quartzite clasts are more abundant towards the north. This lithological differentiation is attributed to preferential survivorship of clasts that are physically harder and chemically less reactive. The change in the shapes of clasts northwards, from predominately shingle-like ‘very platy’ and ‘very bladed’ at Cactus Canyon, to more ‘compact’ towards the boat ramp, is in accord with the more massive fabric of the surviving quartzite clasts. At Sellicks Beach, preservation of uplifted, coarse gravels, with entire and comminuted marine molluscan shells, of last interglacial age, provides evidence of neotectonism. At the landward margin of the beach, imbricated gravels in which pore spaces have been infilled with mud, and which show no evidence of modern coastal erosion, may provide evidence of continuing uplift during the recent Holocene. The geological setting, geomorphic framework and modern sedimentary regime at Sellicks Beach combine to provide an exceptionally useful outdoor laboratory for education in field geology.