黄河冲积扇南翼上部控制区土地分异机制与土地结构

从地理过程分析的角度，讨论了黄河大冲积扇南翼上部控制区土地分异各有关因素的影响机制，指出黄河活动及其后影响是这一地区土地分异的最根本的主导因素，并进一步说明了该区域土地分异表现出的逐级深化的显著规律性以及各有关类型的“梳状”空间组合结构。     

青海省贵南县过马营一带早中三叠世隆务河组沉积特征

青海贵南县过马营一带隆务河组为一套典型的浊流沉积,对此套浊积岩的沉积特征进行研究。通过对过马营一带隆务河组浊积岩的岩石组合特征、地层层序及鲍玛层序特征分析,探讨其沉积环境特征,并与典型浊积扇模式对比,建立沉积模型。综合分析认为,隆务河组由下向上的3个段分别位于浊积扇的外扇、中扇、内扇,其中中扇辫状河道发育。此研究对于西秦岭造山带的沉积环境分析及构造演化具有重要的意义。     

陵水凹陷北坡海底扇孔隙演化和成岩相研究

琼东南盆地陵水凹陷北坡海底扇储层岩性较细,物性较差,并且对其低渗的成因不明、甜点的展布也不清。通过利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞以及物性等资料来分析其孔隙演化,并从成岩相的研究角度来预测其甜点展布。研究结果认为研究区梅山组二段储层孔隙类型主要为原生粒间孔和铸模孔,处在中成岩阶段A期。从沉积因素和成岩作用两个方面总结出了研究区的孔隙演化模式:沉积环境控制了原始孔隙度的大小,后期机械压实是孔隙减小的主要原因,溶解作用对孔隙增大起到了巨大贡献。研究区主要识别和划分出了中等压实长石溶蚀相、中等压实海绿石胶结相和强压实弱溶蚀相3种成岩相,甜点主要分布在水动力较强的海底扇内扇中等压实长石溶蚀相中。     

基于GPR图像的福建海坛岛北部海岸冲积扇沉积构造及其成因的初步研究

福建海坛岛北部海岸发育一座覆盖淡灰黄色风成砂层、相对高度达30 m的大沙山,外貌很像风成大沙丘,但同时又具有冲积扇形态。其成因和沉积环境有待考证,而探明大沙山内部沉积构造是判别其成因的主要途径之一。在野外考察的基础上,运用探地雷达（GPR）对大沙山内部沉积构造进行探测,获得约20 m深度范围内的沉积构造图像数据。结果表明:大沙山中上部发育由棱角状砾石或粗砂细砂组成的沉积旋回和沟槽沉积构造,显示出冲积扇上部的沉积构造组合特点;中下部层面中交替呈现弧形沉积构造,大沙山南侧发育有向南倾斜28°～30°的前积层理。结合大沙山西侧冲沟剖面沉积构造、大沙山表面的棱角状砾石特征以及现代风沙地貌分布规律,初步认为大沙山是山前多期沟谷洪流携带的碎屑物沉积形成的冲积扇残余堆积体,沉积间隙受海岸带风沙活动影响。     

车西洼陷陡坡带沙三下亚段近岸水下扇储层成岩演化及其对储层物性影响

利用岩芯观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光及岩石物性测试等多种资料,本文对济阳坳陷车西洼陷陡坡带沙三下亚段近岸水下扇储层进行了探讨。结果表明,车西洼陷沙三下段近岸水下扇储层岩石类型宏观上主要表现为泥质杂基支撑砾岩、碎屑支撑砾岩、砾质砂岩等沉积,微观上以岩屑砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩为主,灰泥质杂基含量最高可达40%。车西洼陷沙三下段近岸水下扇储层为典型的特低孔、特低渗储层类型,其平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为3.42%、2.02×10-3μm2;但在3 500~4 000 m深度段发育异常高孔带,孔隙度可达10.2%,储集空间多为溶蚀孔和微裂缝。研究区储层经历了复杂的成岩演化过程,目前处于中成岩B期,其成岩演化序列为:压实作用/碳酸盐胶结→长石溶蚀/碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀→石英溶蚀/碳酸盐胶结/灰泥重结晶→石英加大/碳酸盐胶结溶蚀→碳酸盐胶结。不同亚相所经历的成岩演化有所差异,其中中扇辫状水道中远端及中扇前缘经历了多期溶蚀作用,储层物性相对较好,平均孔隙度分别可达4.5%,7.25%,为研究区近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层的“甜点区”。     

基于多光谱影像和DEM的泥石流堆积扇识别研究——以白龙江流域武都段为例

选取中国泥石流多发区白龙江流域武都段作为研究区,在对该区域泥石流堆积扇的形态特征和堆积范围进行实地调绘的基础上,利用高分辨率影像(SPOT)进行目视解译,获得研究区部分泥石流堆积扇和非泥石流堆积区的分布范围,将其作为已知样本区。利用该区域多光谱遥感影像(ASTER)和数字高程模型(DEM),提取包含波段比和主分量的几十种特征指标。通过运用方差分析和聚类分析等方法对各指标进行分析计算,选取对区别泥石流堆积扇最具显著意义的指标进行输入,进而采用基于像元的分类方法识别泥石流堆积扇。得到如下结论:SPOT与ASTER融合影像的波段比、主分量指标可以有效地突出土壤岩石中的矿物成分,对泥石流堆积扇的识别具有显著意义;利用筛选出的遥感指标和地形指标作为输入,进行监督分类识别泥石流堆积扇,能够有效地将遥感指标和地形指标相结合,提取的堆积扇覆盖范围与实际情况较为接近。     

Erosional and depositional patterns in the Valencia Channel mouth: An example of a modern channel-lobe transition zone

Recent deep-towed, high resolution sidescan sonar records and seismic profiles have been collected on the lower Valencia Fan (Northwestern Mediterranean). Three morphological zones, channelled, transition and unchannelled, have been recognized in the Valencia Channel mouth. Sonographs from the transition zone show a progresive transversal gradation from depositional to erosional bedforms. This asymmetry may be due to the lateral inputs of sediment flows from the rhone deep-sea fan and to the effect of the Coriolis force, which could have diverted the flows to the southwest. Bedforms recorded in the study area include trains of starved ripples and dunes, sand ribbons, and fields of elongated scours. Most morphological features, bedforms and seismic characteristics of the Valencia Channel mouth are typical of channel-lobe transition zones.     

The stratigraphic evolution of the Indus Fan and the history of sedimentation in the Arabian Sea

The Indus Fan records the erosion of the western Himalayas and Karakoram since India began to collide with Asia during the Eocene, 50 Ma. Multi-channel seismic reflection data from the northern Arabian Sea correlated to industrial well Indus Marine A-1 on the Pakistan Shelf show that sedimentation patterns are variable through time, reflecting preferential sedimentation in deep water during periods of lower sea-level (e.g., middle Miocene, Pleistocene), the diversion of sediment toward the east following uplift of the Murray Ridge, and the autocyclic switching of fan lobes. Individual channel-levee systems are estimated to have been constructed over periods of 10⁵–10⁶ yr during the Late Miocene. Sediment velocities derived from sonobuoys and multi-channel stacking velocities allow sections to be time-depth converted and then backstripped to calculate sediment budgets through time. The middle Miocene is the period of most rapid accumulation, probably reflecting surface uplift in the source regions and strengthening of the monsoon at that time. Increasing sedimentation during the Pleistocene, after a late Miocene-Pliocene minimum, is apparently caused by faster erosion during intense glaciation. The sediment-unloaded geometry of the basement under the Pakistan Shelf shows a steep gradient, similar to the continent-ocean transition seen at other rifted volcanic margins, with basement depths on the oceanward side indistinguishable from oceanic crust. Consequently we suggest that the continent-ocean transition is located close to the present shelf break, rather than >350 km to the south, as previously proposed.     

山东荣成沿岸晚第四纪埋藏冲积扇的沉积特征及意义

钻孔资料表明，山东荣成沿海的第四纪地层中，全新世沙坝─泻湖沉积体系之下，大多埋藏着晚第四纪冲积扇，其中的粗粒沉积层常常是很好的含水层。鉴于沉积构造在钻孔中有时显示的并不明显，本文书以岩性及旋回性、粒度、分选、磨园度、矿物组成以及大型相序等方面讨论和识别埋藏冲积扇沉积物。荣成的埋藏冲积扇形成于晚第四纪低海面时期，分布于沿海丘陵坡麓直到滨海地带。目前，冲积扇的中、上部是淡水补给区，其中部或前缘以隔水层和上覆的海水或沙坝─泻湖体系隔开，使冲积扇中的淡水得以保存。充分认识埋藏冲积扇的沉积特征和标志，对于荣成沿海或与其条件类似的其他沿海地带的地下水勘探和开发具有实际意义。