Carbon dioxide concentration in temperate climate caves and parent soils over an altitudinal gradient and its influence on speleothem growth and fabrics

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in caves and parent soils in the Italian Alps have been studied along a 2100 m altitudinal range – corresponding to a mean annual temperature (MAT) range of 12°C – in order to investigate the relationship between MAT, soil pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂, and to test the influence of soil pCO₂ on speleothem growth and fabric to ultimately gain insight into their palaeoclimatic significance in temperate climate settings. Our findings indicate that soil CO₂ is linearly correlated to MAT and its mean annual concentration is described by the equation: soil CO₂ (ppmv) = 1112 + 460 MAT. Soil pCO₂ can also be exponentially correlated to actual evapotranspiration. The pCO₂ in the aquifer is linearly correlated to MAT at the infiltration site and is more influenced by summer soil pCO₂. Cave air CO₂ in the innermost part of the caves exhibits a similar seasonal pattern, and commonly reaches concentrations of about 15% to 35%, with respect to the corresponding soil values, and is exponentially correlated to the MAT at the infiltration site. The combination of these parameters (soil pCO₂, dripwater pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂) results in speleothem growth and controls their fabrics which are typical of four MAT/elevation belts broadly corresponding to the present‐day vegetation zones. In the lower montane zone [100–800 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] speleothems mostly consist of columnar fabric, in the upper montane zone (800–1600 m a.s.l.) both columnar and dendritic fabrics are common, the Subalpine zone (1600–2200 m a.s.l.) is characterized mostly by moonmilk deposits, whereas in the Alpine zone (above 2200 m a.s.l.) no speleothems are forming today. Therefore, fabric changes in fossil speleothem can potentially be used to reconstruct MAT changes in temperate climate karst areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

C-axis fabrics of quartz-ribbons during high-temperature deformation of syn-tectonic granitoids (Sila Massif, Calabria, Italy)

Late-Hercynian, high temperature (HT) shear deformation affected the zone straddling the contact between the Sila Massif batholith (above) and the host migmatitic paragneisses (below). A segment of the regional HT shear zone was investigated close to the town of Mesoraca, where a natural section allows one to analyse the solidus deformation of syn-tectonic granitoids. Shearing favoured the formation of polycrystalline quartz ribbons in deformed granodiorite and tonalite. Two main c-axis fabrics were found in the quartz-ribbons, different from each other by opening angles around Z between strong point maxima, in accordance with deformation under granulite to amphibolite facies conditions. These fabrics, along with microstructural observations, suggest that temperature of deformation played a key role and that ribboning was accompanied by the activation of (i) prism [c] slip and prism [c] + prism <a> slips, under granulite facies conditions, followed by (ii) basal <a> and prism <a> slips under amphibolite facies conditions.     

西藏南部聂拉木地区前寒武纪岩石磁组构及其构造意义

通过对西藏南部聂拉木地区前寒武纪岩石磁组构进行研究表明:该区岩石磁化率百分率的各向异性H值较高,均大于10%,这说明岩石曾经历了较强烈的韧性变形。根据岩石最小磁化率从主轴K3方向推断的岩石变形期,最大的主压应力方位主要有SN向、NE-SW向、NW-SE向。岩石磁组构费林(Flinn)图解表明,大部分岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育,岩石磁化率量值椭球体呈压扁状的特点。部分岩石磁组构还具有磁线理发育、磁面理不发育,岩石磁化率量值椭球体呈拉长形的特点。因此,该区域构造应变型式具有压缩应变和拉伸应变二种型式。岩石磁组构研究还表明,该区具有SN向挤压、NW-SE向挤压、NW-SE向伸展滑脱三期构造应力。这说明高喜马拉雅结晶基底岩石曾经历了SN向逆冲推覆构造作用,NW-SE向逆冲推覆构造作用和NW-SE向伸展滑脱构造作用过程。构造应力场的转变及其构造作用,为印度板块与欧亚板块之间,自白垩纪末~始新世晚期发生的弧~陆、陆~陆碰撞,和始新世晚期以来,强烈的陆内汇聚造山与青藏高原剧烈隆升,及区域伸展滑脱构造作用过程的响应。     

阿尔金山喀腊大湾地区变形岩石EBSD组构分析

岩石组构是指组成岩石的矿物在岩石中分布的各向异性,EBSD(Electron Back Scattered Diffraction)岩组分析就是运用电子背散射衍射技术测定岩石结构要素——岩石中矿物分布的规律性。本文作者运用EBSD技术方法,对阿尔金山喀腊大湾地区变形岩石的组构分析显示,花岗质糜棱岩和蚀变变形花岗岩中,石英变形机制是以中温I级柱面(10-10)0001和中高温II级柱面(10-10)0001滑移为主,少量为中低温底面(0001)11-20滑移;而在变形火山岩中,石英变形机制是以中低温底面(0001)11-20滑移系为主。在区域南北向剖面分布上,接近阿尔金北缘断裂和白尖山断裂的中北部变形温度较高,向南变形温度有逐渐降低的趋势。从岩石组构特点结合宏观构造分析,可以认为本区北段属于中—中深层次(15~25km,t=350~550℃,P=0.40~0.60GPa)的韧性变形,而中南段为中浅层次(10~15km,t=250~350℃,P=0.25~0.40GPa)的韧脆性变形。结合不同变形特点花岗岩的年代学资料,确定构造变形的时代为早古生代。上述特征与区域上发育板块碰撞带,且北部发育高压榴辉岩和蓝片岩的构造部位以及该构造变形带的演化历史相吻合。     

南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面磁组构特征及其对构造演化的制约

通过野外构造观测、岩石磁学与磁组构综合分析,本文研究了南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面的叠加构造特征及其形成演化.从北东向南西,剖面构造变形总体呈减弱趋势,褶皱轴面总体倾向北东,大尺度褶皱枢纽均以小角度向北西倾伏.古应力分析显示最大主压应力为北东—南西向,反映以南大巴山的推覆为主.剖面J₃之前的采样层位主要表现为变形组构,而J₃-K₁的采样层位则表现为初始弱变形组构.磁线理呈NW-SE向的优势方位,与剖面主构造线基本平行,主要反映来自南大巴山的推覆挤压.剖面发育特殊磁组构：①磁面理与地层面斜交,主要与褶皱作用中的平行层简单剪切相关;②磁线理均不同程度斜交于地层走向,指示构造叠加背景.沿剖面北东向南西区段K_min的倾伏角随构造变形强度减弱而增大,据此相关性可将K_min的倾伏角作为判别弱变形沉积岩变形强度的标志.本文认为,在晚侏罗世以南大巴山的推覆为主而米仓山短轴背斜与川东褶皱带挤压次之的联合作用使南大巴山前陆褶皱带具有构造叠加特征,之后的早白垩世仍主要表现为南大巴山的推覆,而其他两个方向的挤压较之前相对较弱.该结果也反映了秦岭J₃-K₁陆内造山作用及燕山期雪峰陆内构造变形的影响,为探索陆内构造与陆内造山的大陆动力学提供了佐证.     

西昆仑康西瓦断裂显微构造特征及其地质意义

康西瓦断裂是西昆仑地区一条极其重要的构造缝合带。利用显微构造方法发现：康西瓦断裂明显经历三期构造演化。第一期为晚三叠世一早侏罗世的NE—SW向挤压,由古特提斯洋相继向北持续消减所造成,断裂除挤压碰撞外,还表现为韧性右行走滑;第二期为喜马拉雅运动早期的NE—SW向挤压,由印度板块向欧亚板块北东向俯冲所造成,断裂表现为明显左行平移,形成现代露头的宏观牵引;第三期为喜马拉雅运动晚期的伸展与快速隆升,最终形成现代地貌景观。     

Quantifying Three-Dimensional Silicate Fabrics in Cumulates Using Cumulative Distribution Functions

We present a new method for quantifying three-dimensional silicatefabrics and the associated uncertainties from grain orientationdata on three orthogonal sections. Our technique is appliedto the orientation of crystallographic features and, hence,yields a fabric related to the lattice-preferred orientation,although the method could be applied to shape-preferred orientationsor strain analysis based on passive linear markers. The orientationdata for each section are represented by their cumulative distributionfunction, and an iterative procedure is used to find the symmetricsecond-rank strain tensor that will simultaneously satisfy thecumulative distribution functions observed on each section.For samples with well-developed fabrics, this technique providesa much closer match to the sectional data than do previous techniquesbased on eigenparameter analysis of two-dimensional orientationdata. Robust uncertainty estimates are derived from a non-parametricbootstrap resampling scheme. The method is applied to two cumulates:one with a well-developed fabric and the other with a weak fabric,from the Stillwater complex, Montana. The silicate petrofabricorientations obtained for these samples compare favorably withindependent direct estimates of the volume fabric from electronbackscatter diffraction and magnetic techniques. KEY WORDS: cumulates; fabrics; quantitative; Stillwater complex; textural analysis     

秦岭杂岩中牛角山花岗质古深成岩体变形作用的初步研究及其构造意义

该岩体已变形改造为线状花岗质片麻岩体。除残留少量的岩浆流动组构外,主要表现为岩体定位后期或固结稍后的高温固态变形;以强烈的条带状片麻理发育为特征,并发育流褶皱、面理置换、小型韧性剪切带等。斜长石、钾长石多呈眼球状、条带状,为动态重结晶集合体;石英多呈矩形带状;变形温度在７００℃～５５０℃。应变测量显示其变形为压剪应变形,ｖ＝０．１９～０．５８,强度ＥＳ＝１．４６～１．２２。该岩体的变形揭示了该区晋宁期区域变形的特点和强度,并限定了其峰期变形时间。     

Retrograde evolution of quartz segregations from the Dos Picos shear zone in the Nevado-Filabride Complex (Betic chains,Spain). Evidence from fluid inclusions and quartz c-axis fabrics

Synkinematic quartz veins are ubiquitous in the shear zone separating the Veleta unit from the Calar Alto unit in the internal part of the Betic Cordilleras. They have been studied with respect to quartz c-axis fabrics, microstructures and fluid inclusions. Veins were probably generated during syn-metamorphic stacking of the units at P = 500 – 600 MPa and T = 400 – 500°C. Quartz displays two groups of microstructures in the shear zone: (1) older coarse-grained mosaics (CGM) resulting from exaggerated grain growth; and (2) younger fine-grained mosaics (FGM) developed at the expense of the former. The fine-grained mosaics show polygonal granoblastic and elongate mosaic microstructures in general, with ribbon microstructures often found near the boundary of the units. Fluids contained in secondary inclusions vary from high salinity brines to different types of CO₂—brine mixtures and low density CO₂ fluids. Differences in composition and P-T trapping conditions are indicated for the different types of inclusions. Some fluid inclusions are older than the FGM, whereas others are younger, thus constraining the P- T conditions at which the two microstructural events took place. Fluid inclusion evidence suggests conditions of P_fluid > 170 MPa and T 370–430°C for the CGM and P_fluid 20–80 MPa and T > 340°C for the FGM.The quartz c-axis fabrics dealt with here correspond to the second recrystallization event, as little evidence of older fabrics is preserved in the shear zone. C-axis patterns vary across the shear zone from slightly asymmetrical type I crossed girdles in the hanging wall and footwall to more asymmetrical crossed girdles at the boundary of the units. This indicates a correlative increase in the magnitude of the heterogeneous shear strain in the same direction. Most of the deformation is concentrated at the top of the Veleta unit. The sense of movement is top to the west, in agreement with other kinematic markers.The quartz c-axis fabrics resulted from dynamic recrystallization during simple shear. The retrograde P-T path inferred from fluid inclusion analysis, along with other geological and geochronological evidence, indicates that this deformation is coeval with a reduction in the crustal overburden.Geochronological and stratigraphic data show that the proposed Dos Picos extensional detachment, separating the Calar Alto and Veleta units, took place during the early Miocene, synchronous with the intense thinning of the Nevado-Filábride Complex and of the whole continental crust underlying the Alborán Basin.     

石英c轴组构影响因素探讨:以郯庐断裂带糜棱岩为例

石英是自然界中最主要的造岩矿物之一,也是地壳流变过程的主要变形矿物,其c轴组构特征与变形温度、剪切指向具有密切的关系,因而常被用来获取剪切指向、估计变形温度、计算运动学涡度等。但由于受到变形分解、先存构造、流体等因素的影响,同一岩石中常会得到多个不同的石英c轴组构结果。如果天然变形岩石同时受到多种因素的影响,其石英c轴组构会表现为何种特征?与岩石变形温度、剪切旋向是否仍具有很好的对应性?基于以上问题,本次工作以大别山东缘郯庐断裂带内经历了多期变形、富含流体活动的超糜棱岩为研究对象,在同一岩石薄片中选择不同区域,利用EBSD开展石英c轴组构分析。分析结果表明,选择的超糜棱岩的石英c轴组构点极密分布形态指示岩石变形发生于非共轴变形条件下;剪切指向方面,6个分析区域中区域1表现为左旋剪切指向特征,与薄片中优势剪切指向一致,而除区域4外的其他4个区域显示出与优势剪切指向相反的右旋剪切指向特征;变形温度方面,区域4以柱面滑移为主,显示了高温变形特征,而其余5个区域均以底面滑移为主,指示了低温变形环境。根据本次石英c轴组构特征分析结果,可以得出一些认识:岩石中石英表现为完全的GBM动态重结晶,所指示的温度明显高于大量沿糜棱面理分布的绿泥石所指示的绿片岩相环境,显示流体活动促进了岩石变形;而石英c轴组构指示的变形温度为绿片岩相环境,与绿泥石存在的现象一致,表明糜棱岩化过程中流体活动对石英c轴组构的影响并不明显。在发生过多期变形事件的岩石中,岩石中早期高温变形信息有可能保留下来并记录在石英c轴组构特征中,因而通过石英c轴组构分析有可能获得早期事件的信息;虽然石英c轴组构影响因素众多,但首先开展详细的显微镜下观察,然后有选择地对剪切指向清晰区域开展石英c轴组构分析,仍然能够得到与岩石中优势剪切指向一致的石英c轴组构结果。