Full moment tensor inversion constrained by double-couple focal mechanism for induced seismicity*

In this study, we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity. This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple (DC) focal mechanism based on the neighbourhood algorithm. One major difference between the new method and the former one is that we adopt a new misfit function to constrain the candidate moment tensor solutions with respect to a reference DC solution in addition to other misfit terms characterizing the waveform matching. Through synthetic tests using a real passive seismic survey geometry, the results show the new constraint can help better recover the DC components of inverted moment tensors. We further investigate how errors in the velocity model and source location affect the moment tensor solution. The synthetic test results indicate that the constrained inversion is robust in recovering both the DC and non-DC components. We also test the proposed method on several real induced events in an oil/gas field in Oman using the same observation system as synthetic tests. While it is found that the full moment tensor solutions without using the DC constraints have much larger non-DC components than solutions with the DC constraints, both solutions are able to fit the observed waveforms at similar levels. The synthetic and real test results suggest the proposed DC constrained inversion method can reliably retrieve full moment tensor solutions for the induced seismicity.     

Regional moment tensor uncertainty due to mismodeling of the crust

The retrieval of earthquake moment tensor (MT) requires the response of the medium, in which seismic waves travel from the hypocenter to the stations, to be known. In inverting long-period (LP) seismic data (teleseismic and LP regional records), a gross earth model is sufficient; with decreasing periods, a more detailed model is needed. This is the case when waveforms of weak earthquakes at regional distances are to be inverted. Regional moment tensors (RMTs) of mostly Mediterranean earthquakes are determined on a routine basis by the Swiss Seismological Survey (SED) by using averaged models of the earth's crust. By inverting broad-band records of the M_w=4.8 earthquake near Udine, N Italy, on Feb. 14, 2002, we tested the sensitivity of the MT solution with respect to possible errors in the earth model used and in the location of the hypocenter depth. We perturbed the P and S velocities and the thickness in the 1-D earth model in the range from 3% to 30% of the parameter values and constructed estimates of confidence regions of the MT and error bars of the source time function (STF) and scalar moment in three frequency bands. Similarly, these error characteristics were determined assuming a mislocation in the hypocenter depth. We found that, in the band of periods from 25 to 50 s, the mechanism is resolved well (at the confidence level 95% at least) up to an earth model uncertainty of 30%, in the passband 10–25 s up to about 10%, but it is undetermined completely at periods of 5–10 s. An error in hypocenter depth of as much as double the value reported by the location procedure does not destroy the resolution of the mechanism at periods above 10 s. In the RMT catalog of the SED, earthquakes of M_w greater than about 3.5 are processed at periods above 30 s; thus, the solutions for these events are robust with respect to a possible uncertainty in the earth model used. Mechanisms of weaker earthquakes, retrieved from short periods, should be interpreted with caution.     

河南西峡寨根地区韧性剪切带中斜长角闪岩角闪石组构特征的探讨

本文通过对秦岭造山带核部,河南西峡寨根地区角闪岩中角闪石组构及其与韧性剪切带关系的研究,得出几点认识:（1）角闪石的优选方位受控于韧性剪切带,随着韧性剪切作用的加强,L构造岩愈趋典型;（2）分析角闪石中光率体轴Ng与结晶C轴的关系,Ng轴偏于一个方向,表明受剪应力所致;（3）通过角闪石C轴与剪切带边界关系的研究,确定剪切带为左旋剪切性质;（4）据角闪石组构及韧性剪切带与其它构造相互关系,恢复秦岭造山带的历史,至少经历了区域动热变质变形阶段、韧性再造阶段和脆性改造阶段。     

鞍山陈台沟地区太古宙花岗岩组成与构造特征

鞍山陈台沟地区出露有大量太古宙花岗质岩石和变质层状岩系,是研究太古代地壳形成与演化的经典地区之一。通过对该区岩石单元、构造特征研究,较系统地划分了岩石单元,具体分析了各单元组构及构造变形特征。细粒奥长花岗质糜棱岩、似斑状花岗质糜棱岩和中--细粒花岗质片麻岩具有古太古代花岗质岩石的特点,共同经历地壳中--深部层次的韧性变形改造。细粒奥长花岗岩为中太古代岩浆事件的产物,表现为非透入性的变形方式和部分韧--脆性形变组构。鞍山群层状变质岩石主要记录了新太古代中--浅部地壳层次的强烈变形事件。中粗粒白云母花岗岩就位,标志早期不同的构造变形作用在新太古代末期基本结束。在此基础上,讨论了本区太古宙地壳的形成与演化过程。     

万州侏罗纪红层软弱夹层特征

在万州侏罗纪红层中,连续分布多层产状稳定、厚度较大的软弱夹层。经X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析及扫描电镜观察：软弱夹层主要矿物成分为蒙脱石、长石、α-石英、伊利石、绿泥石等;其微观结构以片状结构为主,微裂隙和微孔隙发育,有少量网格结构,局部可见粘土矿物定向排列。野外调研表明：软弱夹层曾经受较强的构造挤压作用,部分已发生层间剪切破坏,从而导致剪切强度降低。对软弱夹层的物理力学性质进行试验研究可知：软弱夹层为中等膨胀性土;且一旦遇水饱和,其剪切强度将大幅度下降。这些特征说明,在特定的条件下,软弱夹层容易成为基岩滑坡的滑动面。     

复杂条件二维重力场及重力张量场空间波数域正演方法

随着传感器技术的发展,重力场与重力张量场测量技术发展迅速,为实现地下密度分布精细反演提供了数据保障。正演是反演的基础,解决任意密度分布复杂地质体重力场与重力张量正演高效、高精度计算问题,是实现重力高效、精细反演、人机交互反演解释的关键。针对起伏地形和任意密度分布这种复杂条件下二维重力场及重力张量场高效高精度正演问题,这里提出了一种空间波数混合域正演算法,其关键环节包括:①结合新的矩形二度体组合模型波数域表达式和一维Gauss-FFT算法,提出了一种任意密度分布和起伏地形下重力场及重力张量高效、高精度正演算法;②采用新的二维正演算法,计算观测最高点和最低点之间多个不同高度水平网格重力场及重力张量,结合三次样条插值方法,实现了起伏地形上重力场及重力张量场高效、高精度正演。模型算例结果表明,新方法具有高效、高精度的显著特点。     

2003年11月13日岷县ML5.5级地震震源机制的矩张量反演

利用2003年11月13日岷县5.5级地震震中周围7个台站的数字记录反演了本次地震的矩张量,对所得结果与用P波初动符号的结果进行了比较,二者具有较好的一致性。结合该地区的地震分布和本次地震的余震分布,对可能的发震断层进行了讨论。     

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含柯石英超高压榴辉岩的早期变形--以苏北东海碱场榴辉岩体为例

以超高压矿物组合的各种后成合晶及冠状体等卸载不平衡结构为参考标志，将含柯石英的超高压榴辉岩的交形序列分成两个部分。后成合晶及冠状体发育之前的变形为早期变形，是在大陆深俯冲和碰撞条件下发育的超高压变质变形组构。后成合晶及冠状体发育之后的变形为晚期变形，是在超高压岩石折返剥露过程中，主要是在角闪岩相甚至绿片岩相条件下发育的。构造上江苏省北部东海县碱场合柯石英榴辉岩体，分为块状榴辉岩和面理化榴辉岩两种类型，分别代表超高压变质岩早期变形的两个构造阶段或世代(D1、D2)。详细描述了它们的矿物组合、中小尺度及显微尺度下的组构特征，讨论了两者的几何关系和区域构造意义，强调指出，只有含柯石英榴辉岩的早期变形组构，才能记录和反映斜向大陆深俯冲及碰撞的动力学过程。