日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术现状与发展趋势

既有钢筋混凝土结构的丰富而可靠的抗震加固技术是提升我国建筑物抗震性能,实现社会可持续发展的重要保障.在长期工程实践的积累中,日本建筑界逐渐发展出一套行之有效的抗震性能评估、加固设计体系和多种多样的抗震加固技术,值得我国借鉴.文章在简要回顾日本抗震加固设计方法之后,介绍了日本钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的传统方法,总结了近年来在传统加固方法基础上所做的改良,并在此基础上,从外附子结构、消能减震化和自复位技术等3个方面归纳了日本新一代钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固技术的发展趋势.     

Estimating Climate-Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO₂ and a 2xCO₂ climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO₂ analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.     

阻尼对地下隧道结构动力响应的影响

用弹性地基梁来模拟地下隧道结构,推出考虑弯曲、轴力、剪切、内外阻尼以及在双参数地基模型上的振动方程。引用地下管道近似的位移计算方法,计算地下隧道结构,避免积分变换的繁琐,通过一种特殊的分离变量法,使得动力荷载以强加位移和速度的方式施加,实例计算中涉及内外阻尼项,可以方便地求出自振频率和阻尼比的表达式和考虑阻尼后结构位移衰减曲线,得出对于地下结构内阻尼的影响很小的结论。     

FLAC3D在青岛地铁渗流场中的应用

首先,基于考虑衬砌和注浆圈的解析解,利用MATLAB软件编制了计算与自动绘图程序,研究水头、隧道半径、围岩渗透特性与衬砌渗透系数和隧道涌水量、外水压力的相互关系;其次,基于FLAC3D软件平台,通过数值解与理论解的对比,验证了数值模拟方法在隧道渗流场中应用的正确性。在此基础上,结合青岛地铁典型区间隧道,分析了隧道开挖阶段以及运营期的渗流场,并研究了在不同注浆圈厚度以及注浆圈渗透系数下隧道注浆圈的涌水量和外水压力。结果表明,在隧道周围施作注浆圈的方法来减少隧道的涌水量是可行的。注浆圈厚度越大,其渗透系数越小,隧道涌水量就越小,而外水压力变化规律与涌水量恰恰相反。研究成果为地铁隧道衬砌的设计和注浆圈范围的初步确定提供了参考依据。     

仿刺参不同体外标记方法效果的比较

为筛选出仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体外标记方法,研究了体腔植入标记物法、体壁半包埋法、棘部及体壁穿刺法、体壁胶粘法和石灰环嵌套法。研究结果表明,前4种方法标记保留时间均未超过2 d,且有严重排异反应,影响活动和摄食,难以满足标记要求,体壁胶粘法保留时间可达2 d,且活动摄食正常,可用于短期标记。使用石灰环嵌套法标记小规格仿刺参10 d后标签保留率达到75.8%,标记大规格仿刺参3个月后标签保留率可达93%,初步确定石灰环嵌套法可作为仿刺参体外长效标记的方法。     

Geostatistical radar–raingauge merging: A novel method for the quantification of rain estimation accuracy

Compared to other estimation techniques, one advantage of geostatistical techniques is that they provide an index of the estimation accuracy of the variable of interest with the kriging estimation standard deviation (ESD). In the context of radar–raingauge quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), we address in this article the question of how the kriging ESD can be transformed into a local spread of error by using the dependency of radar errors to the rain amount analyzed in previous work. The proposed approach is implemented for the most significant rain events observed in 2008 in the Cévennes-Vivarais region, France, by considering both the kriging with external drift (KED) and the ordinary kriging (OK) methods. A two-step procedure is implemented for estimating the rain estimation accuracy: (i) first kriging normalized ESDs are computed by using normalized variograms (sill equal to 1) to account for the observation system configuration and the spatial structure of the variable of interest (rainfall amount, residuals to the drift); (ii) based on the assumption of a linear relationship between the standard deviation and the mean of the variable of interest, a denormalization of the kriging ESDs is performed globally for a given rain event by using a cross-validation procedure. Despite the fact that the KED normalized ESDs are usually greater than the OK ones (due to an additional constraint in the kriging system and a weaker spatial structure of the residuals to the drift), the KED denormalized ESDs are generally smaller the OK ones, a result consistent with the better performance observed for the KED technique. The evolution of the mean and the standard deviation of the rainfall-scaled ESDs over a range of spatial (5–300 km²) and temporal (1–6 h) scales demonstrates that there is clear added value of the radar with respect to the raingauge network for the shortest scales, which are those of interest for flash-flood prediction in the considered region.     

用涡度场捕捉台风“鲇鱼”的动态

用涡度场跟踪"鲇鱼"台风的移动过程,揭示出涡度场能提前捕捉台风"鲇鱼"的动态变化,具有超前的预报能力。     

Mapstar外部命令的制作及其在地形图编制中的应用

Mapstar软件作为河南省第二轮1∶10 000 DLG更新的基本操作软件具有强大的开放性。它在系统目录下提供了外部文件供用户编写外部命令,用户可以根据需要参考属性参数列表在该目录下编写*.ecl文件,达到属性统改的目的,实现工具条中不能实现的功能,从而为地形图的编制提供较大的便捷,提高地形图编制的效率。     

A case study of using external DEM in InSAR DEM generation

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been used as an innovative technique for digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic map generation. In this paper, external DEMs are used for InSAR DEM generation to reduce the errors in data processing. The DEMs generated from repeat-pass InSAR are compared. For steep slopes and severe changes in topography, phase unwrapping quality can be improved by subtracting the phase calculated from an external DEM. It is affirmative that the absolute height accuracy of the InSAR DEM is improved by using external DEM. The data processing was undertaken without the use of ground control points and other manual operation.     

基于LSDYNA的射流式液动锤回程动力 外传机构研究

设计一种改变冲击应力波在射流式液动锤内传播途径的结构,分析在不同传播途径中应力波衰减程度的改变,基于LSDYNA显式动力学分析方法,对冲锤回程阶段进行仿真分析,探究冲锤回程冲击在液动锤内两种不同传播途径的模型中射流元件受到的应力变化。研究表明,动力外传机构通过避免对缸体上部的刚性碰撞,能大大降低射流元件所受到的冲击应力,并且外传机构的几何参数对应力的衰减也有一定的影响。