Ground roll attenuation using a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform

The ground roll and body wave usually show significant differences in arrival time, frequency content, and polarization characteristics, and conventional polarization filters that operate in either the time or frequency domain cannot consider all these elements. Therefore, we have developed a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform to attenuate the ground roll in seismic records. Our approach adopts the complex coefficients of the S transform of the multi-component seismic data to estimate the local polarization attributes and utilizes the estimated attributes to construct the filter function. In this study, we select the S transform to design this polarization filter because its scalable window length can ensure the same number of cycles of a Fourier sinusoid, thereby rendering more precise estimation of local polarization attributes. The results of applying our approach in synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the proposed polarization filter can effectively attenuate the ground roll and successfully preserve the body wave.     

F) Personalia

Abstract

Knowledge of the natural resources of a country is essential for the assessment of its development possibilities. This is particularly true for the evaluation of groundwater resources in a country like Uruguay, where less than 5 per cent of the potential is exploited and this in an inefficient way, and where no drastic future increase in demand is predicted.

In the present paper the generalized hydrogeological model of the country was reconstructed, and recharge values, obtained by an approach adapted from nearby areas, were introduced.     

Monthly spatial rainfall correlation functions and interpretations for Turkey

Abstract

Monthly spatial rainfall distribution features and their effects on spatial correlation patterns are significant in any regional study. In this paper, first a number of statistical terms and properties are explained with reference to the spatial correlation functions (SCFs). This is followed by the analysis of a theoretical spatial correlation model and its parameter estimation. Monthly empirical SCFs are examined in relation to spatial rainfall characteristics. In order to obtain a definite pattern, the SCF values are averaged in successive equal-distance groups. This average spatial correlation function shows a decreasing pattern with distance. Some interpretations of these spatial correlation functions are given for Turkey with discussion of the results obtained.     

数学形态滤波法在GPS基线分析中的应用

通过GAMIT软件得到福建省连续观测GPS基准站基线时间序列,并引人数学形态滤波法,过滤基线中的白噪音和脉冲扰动.以福建省主要断裂带为研究背景,研究GPS基线时间序列、跨断层短水准观测资料与福建主要断层的相关性,分析了影响基线变化的因素,以及地壳水平运动与应力积累的关系.     

Hydrological data assimilation with the Ensemble Square-Root-Filter: Use of streamflow observations to update model states for real-time flash flood forecasting

The objective of the study is to evaluate the potential of a data assimilation system for real-time flash flood forecasting over small watersheds by updating model states. To this end, the Ensemble Square-Root-Filter (EnSRF) based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) technique was coupled to a widely used conceptual rainfall-runoff model called HyMOD. Two small watersheds susceptible to flash flooding from America and China were selected in this study. The modeling and observational errors were considered in the framework of data assimilation, followed by an ensemble size sensitivity experiment. Once the appropriate model error and ensemble size was determined, a simulation study focused on the performance of a data assimilation system, based on the correlation between streamflow observation and model states, was conducted. The EnSRF method was implemented within HyMOD and results for flash flood forecasting were analyzed, where the calibrated streamflow simulation without state updating was treated as the benchmark or nature run. Results for twenty-four flash-flood events in total from the two watersheds indicated that the data assimilation approach effectively improved the predictions of peak flows and the hydrographs in general. This study demonstrated the benefit and efficiency of implementing data assimilation into a hydrological model to improve flash flood forecasting over small, instrumented basins with potential application to real-time alert systems.     

Isotopic evidence of subtle nutrient enrichment in mangrove habitats of Golfo Dulce,Costa Rica

Mangroves are of great ecological and socio‐economic importance, yet they are under threat from urban development on the southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica. To test for possible nutrient‐related impacts, we compared water‐column nutrient concentrations, C and N stable isotope values and other environmental variables between mangroves with known sewage loading (three “nutrient loaded” locations) and those without such loading (three “reference” locations). Instantaneous nutrient concentrations were low at all locations, Secchi depth was greater at reference locations, and chlorophyll concentrations were higher at nutrient loaded mangroves. Suspended matter did not vary between reference and nutrient loaded mangroves, and nor did bivalve and algal δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values. Enrichment of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C of red mangrove leaves at the nutrient loaded locations is attributed to pulsed inputs of materials that were not detected in the instantaneous nutrient data. We provide evidence of isotopic enrichment at nutrient loaded locations from mangrove material and recommend that adequate waste water treatment be carried out on all anthropogenic discharges into this vulnerable marine system.     

Model identification and parameter estimation of elastoplastic constitutive model by data assimilation using the particle filter

Data assimilation, using the particle filter and incorporating the soil‐water coupled finite element method, is applied to identify the yield function of the elastoplastic constitutive model and corresponding parameters based on the sequential measurements of hypothetical soil tests and an actual construction sequence. In the proposed framework of the inverse analysis, the unknowns are both the particular parameter within the exponential contractancy model, n_E, which parameterizes various shapes for the yield function of the competing constitutive models, including the original/the modified Cam‐Clay models and in‐between models and the parameters of the corresponding constitutive model. An appropriate set, consisting of the yield function of the constitutive model and the parameters of the constitutive model, can be simultaneously identified by the particle filter to describe the most suitable soil behavior. To examine the validity of the proposed procedure, hypothetical and actual measurements for the displacements of a soil specimen were obtained for consolidated and undrained tests through a synthetic FEM computation and for consolidated and drained tests, respectively. After examining the applicability of the proposed procedure to these test results, the present paper then focuses on the actual measured data, ie, the settlement behavior including the lateral deformation of the Kobe Airport Island constructed on reclaimed land.     

Mapping hydraulic fractures from tiltmeter data using the ensemble Kalman filter

Hydraulic fracturing involves the initiation and propagation of fractures in rock formations by the injection of pressurized fluid. The largest use of hydraulic fracturing is in enhancing oil and gas production. Tiltmeters are sometimes used in the process to monitor the generated fracture geometry by measuring the fracture‐induced deformations. Fracture growth parameters obtained from tiltmeter mapping can be used to study the effectiveness of such stimulations. In this work, we present a novel scheme that uses the ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate tiltmeter data using a simple process model to describe the evolution of fracture growth parameters, and an observation model that maps the fracture geometry with the observed tilt. The forward observation model is based on the analytical solution for computing the displacements and tilts due to a point source displacement discontinuity in an elastic half‐space developed by Okada 1 . The displacement and tilts for any given fracture geometry are then obtained by numerical integration of this solution, by considering multiple point sources to be located at the quadrature points. The proposed method is validated using synthetic data sets generated from polygon and elliptical shaped fracture geometries. Finally, real data from a field site, where asymmetry was measured from the intersections of the hydraulic fracture with offset boreholes, have been analyzed. Preliminary results show that, in addition to extracting the fracture dip, orientation, and volume, the procedure is able to satisfactorily predict fracture growth parameters when the fracture is relatively close to the tiltmeter array and provides some insight into the development of asymmetry when the measurements are relatively far from the fracture plane. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

局部指数标架小波束在复杂介质方向照明分析中的应用

提出了用局部指数标架小波束进行角度域分解的方法,解决了局部余弦基和局部正弦基缺乏单一方向性的问题.局部指数标架由局部余弦基和局部正弦基线性组合而成,是冗余度为2的紧标架.利用局部余弦变换和局部正弦变换的快速算法,能使基于局部指数标架进行方向照明分析的计算效率较常用的局部倾斜叠加和Gabor-Daubechies标架等方法具有更为明显的优势.通过计算二维SEG/EAGE模型和SIGSBEE模型的方向照明图以及采集系统倾角响应图证实了本文方法的有效性.该方法的高效性使其在三维模型的方向照明分析和大规模的工业应用中具有广阔前景.     

地震数据采集器后级滤波器的设计

以ADS1281为例,介绍新一代地震数据采集器后级滤波器设计。该后级滤波器包括变抽样率的梳状滤波器、有限脉冲响应(FIR1)4抽1滤波器和有限脉冲响应(FIR2)2抽1滤波器。其中,FIR1 4抽1滤波器和FIR2 2抽1又分为最小相位、线性相位和瞬态3种滤波器,文中使用设计的最小相位滤波抽取器对仿真的正弦波进行滤波验证,结果表明,通带波动和阻带衰减满足中国数字测震台网技术规程的要求。