江淮锋面和华南暖区两次暴雨过程可预报性对比

以2008年6月9—10日江淮地区的锋面暴雨和2008年6月6—7日华南地区的暖区暴雨为例,采用模式试验的方法,研究了这2个不同地域不同类型的暴雨的模式可预报性的差异．控制试验的结果表明,2个地区的暴雨都可以用WRF模式得到较好的模拟再现．通过在控制试验的初始场上对温度场和风场添加高斯随机扰动误差构造敏感性集合成员,结果表明初始场的微小误差在24 h内使得华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的模拟结果都发生较大改变,但华南暴雨的误差增长快于江淮暴雨,导致华南暴雨模拟结果发生更大的改变．通过对集合离散度的分析表明,华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的离散度都随积分时间延长而不断增大,但华南暴雨的集合离散度增长更快,华南暴雨的集合离散度在模式各层上都远大于江淮暴雨．从误差增长和集合预报的角度讲,华南暴雨的模式可预报性比江淮暴雨的模式可预报性差     

Modelling of concentration fluctuations in canopy turbulence

The knowledge of the concentration probability density function (pdf) is of importance in a number of practical applications, and a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) pdf model has been developed to predict statistics and concentration pdf generated by continuous releases of non-reactive and reactive substances in canopy generated turbulence. Turbulent dispersion is modelled using a LS model including the effects of wind shear and along-wind turbulence. The dissipation of concentration fluctuations associated with turbulence and molecular diffusivity is simulated by an Interaction by Exchange with the Conditional Mean (IECM) micromixing model. A general procedure to obtain the micromixing time scale needed in the IECM model useful in non-homogeneous conditions and for single and multiple scalar sources has been developed. An efficient algorithm based on a nested grid approach with particle splitting, merging techniques and time averaging has been used, thus allowing the calculation for cases of practical interest. The model has been tested against wind-tunnel experiments of single line and multiple line releases in a canopy layer. The approach accounted for chemical reactions in a straightforward manner with no closure assumptions, but here the validation is limited to non-reacting scalars.     

海气系统中不稳定耦合波的空间结构与气候年代际振荡

利用带有深海作用的简单海气耦合模型,分析了中纬度海气系统中不稳定耦合波的空间结构,讨论了其对气候年代际振荡的影响.结果表明:对于海气系统中的不稳定耦合波,大气扰动在位相上超前于海洋扰动,位相差范围0到π/2,特别当位相差为π/4时,出现最不稳定海气相互作用;大气和海洋扰动振幅之间的关系由风应力系数和海洋加热系数的相对大小决定,大气扰动振幅可以小于海洋扰动振幅,也可以大于海洋扰动振幅;深海作用系数对于海气耦合波的空间结构总体影响很小.     

Estimation Of The Lagrangian Structure Function Constant C0 From Surface-Layer Wind Data

Eulerian turbulence observations, madein the surface layer under unstable conditions (z/L > 0),by a sonic anemometer were used to estimatethe Lagrangian structure function constant _O. Twomethods were considered. The first one makes use of arelationship, widely used in the Lagrangian stochasticdispersion models, relating _O to the turbulent kineticenergy dissipation rate , wind velocity variance andLagrangian decorrelation time. The second one employsa novel equation, connecting _O to the constant of thesecond-order Eulerian structure function. Beforeestimating _O, the measurements were processed in orderto discard non-stationary cases at least to a firstapproximation and cases in which local isotropy couldnot be assumed. The dissipation was estimated eitherfrom the best fit of the energy spectrum in theinertial subrange or from the best fit of the third-orderlongitudinal Eulerian structure function. Thefirst method was preferred and applied to the subsequentpart of the analysis. Both methods predict thepartitioning of _O in different spatial components as aconsequence of the directional dependence of theEulerian correlation functions due to the isotropy.The _O values computed by both methods are presented anddiscussed. In conclusion, both methods providerealistic estimates of _O that compare well withprevious estimations reported in the literature, evenif a preference is to be attributed to the second method.     

利用海温作山东半岛气温,降水预报的业务系统

通过分析太平洋海温与山东半岛气温和降水的相关性，找出了两者相关关系中的一些特点。用于制做月平均气温和月降水量的预报系统，在预报业务中取得了很好的预报效果和经济效益。     

发展方程计算稳定性的比较分析

对线性与非线性发展方程的几种差分格式,以一维线性和非线性平流方程为例,对线性与非线性发展方程差分格式的计算稳定性进行了比较分析,揭示了差分格式结构和初值形式与非线性计算稳定性的关系。     

太平洋区域海温跃变及其与东亚夏季风的关系

本文利用英国气象局提供的全球SST月平均资料和NCAR／NCEP提供的500百帕高度场资料，分析了全球SSTA的年际和年代际变化，发现夏季全球SST在70年代发生了一次跃变，尤其北太平洋区域SST在1976年前后，由正距平变为负跨燕，并且跃变前后东亚夏季风也发了显著变化，我国汛期降水异常形势成相反分布，海温对东亚夏季风的影响途径和机制也发生了改变，1976年以前北太平洋区域海温起主要作用，跃变后，北太平洋区域海温异常与东亚夏季风关系变得不明显，而赤道中东太平洋海温的作用变得异常重要。     

20世纪全球增暖最显著的区域

Having analyzed a global grid temperature anomaly data set and some sea level pressure data during the last century, we found the following facts. Firstly, the annual temperature change with a warming trend of about 0.6℃/100 years in the tropical area over Indian to the western Pacific Oceans was most closely correlated to the global mean change. Therefore, the temperature change in this area might serve as an indicator of global mean change at annual and longer time scales. Secondly, a cooling of about -0.3℃ / 100 years occurred over the northern Atlantic. Thirdly, a two-wave pattern of temperature change, warming over northern Asia and northwestern America and cooling over the northern Atlantic and the northern Pacific, occurred during the last half century linked to strengthening westerlies over the northern Atlantic and the weakening Siberian High. Fourthly, a remarkable seasonal difference occurred over the Eurasian continent, with cooling (warming) in winter (summer) during 1896-1945, and warming (cooling) in winter (summer) during 1946-1995. The corresponding variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation were also discussed.     

漓江最高水位的分析及预测

通过对漓江水位的分布特征分析得出:漓江水位不仅与降水量、降水强度、降水时空分布有关系,还与前期旱涝情况及蓄水程度有关;漓江水位的年际变化与桂林市雨量的年际变化一致,大致以10a为周期。然后采用双向差分建立了最高水位的预测模型,以预报量的前差和后差预报误差之和趋于最小时求出模型的参数,并对2002~2005年的最高水位进行了预报,结果表明该模型在最高水位预测中具有较好的应用价值。     

漓江最高水位的分析及预测

通过对漓江水位的分布特征分析得出：漓江水位不仅与降水量、降水强度、降水时空分布有关系，还与前期早涝情况及蓄水程度有关；漓江水位的年际变化与桂林市雨量的年际变化一致，大致以10a为周期。然后采用双向差分建立了最高水位的预测模型，以预报量的前差和后差预报误差之和趋于最小时求出模型的参数，并对2002～2005年的最高水位进行了预报，结果表明该模型在最高水位预测中具有较好的应用价值。