古尔班通古特沙漠植物雾凇凝结特征

古尔班通古特沙漠冬季稳定积雪期长,多雾凇天气.通过2007年11月~2008年3月在沙漠南缘的定位实验观测,发现植物雾凇凝结水总量平均为5.8 mm,占冬季降水量的21.8%,其中,沙漠区垄间和垄上植物雾凇凝结水总量分别是3.8 mm和9.1 mm,各占冬季降水量的14.4%和34.3%;植物雾凇凝结水量是雪面凝结水量的5倍;荒漠植物的雾凇凝结水可以增加古尔班通古特沙漠冬季植被分布区域水资源量.雾凇形成的最大风速一般小于3m/s;-15℃~-20℃是雾凇形成次数最多的气温区间,占全部雾凇日数的24.3%,气温低于-30℃时雾凇凝结量显著减少;观测期雾凇形成时大气最大相对湿度小于80%的日数占冬季雾凇日数的41%.低温、高湿、低风速的气象条件,加之梭梭枝条的细直径和针状叶特征,是古尔班通古特沙漠冬季具有丰富植物雾凇凝结水的重要原因.     

POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF FEBRUARY-APRIL ARCTIC OSCILLATION ON THE ITCZ ACTIVITY OF WESTERN-CENTRAL PACIFIC

The daily patterns and activity of Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) in the Western-Central Pacific Ocean are analyzed using NOAA interpolated Outgoing Longwave Radiation dataset during the period from 1979 to 2008, and the relationships between ITCZ patterns and Arctic Oscillation(AO) is investigated in this paper. In accordance with the central activity region the daily ITCZ can be divided into six patterns—north, south, equator, double, full and weak pattern, respectively. The statistic result shows that the north(accounting for 30.98% of the total observations), south(31.11%) and weak(24.05%) ITCZ patterns are the most active daily patterns within a 30-year period, while the other three ITCZ patterns occur infrequently. Results show that the February-April AO index has a significant positive(negative) correlation with the frequency of the north(weak) ITCZ pattern from March-May to August-October, with the strongest correlation in April-June(March-May). At the same time, the lower tropospheric atmosphere circulation(850-hPa wind field) and SST anomalies corresponding to the AO change significantly in the tropical Pacific. When AO is in the positive phase, there is an anomalous westerly from the equator to 15°N and warmer SST in the critical north ITCZ active region, while there is an anomalous easterly and insignificant change of SST from the equator to 15°S. The wind and SST anomalies share the same characteristics of the equatorial asymmetry and thus enlarge the gradient between the south and north of equator, which would help reinforce convection in the north of equator and result in more frequent occurrence of the northern type of ITCZ.     

闽北地区边界层移动风廓线雷达对比试验评估

为了更好地把握风廓线雷达的探测性能和数据精度,对移动风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达资料进行对比统计分析,结果表明：移动风廓线雷达的有效数据获取率达到80％的高度为3500m,符合边界层风廓线雷达的有效探测高度。移动风廓线的径向速度平均差和标准差随着高度的增加而增加,东西方向的径向速度误差比南北方向的高约0．5—1．0m／s。风廓线雷达自身数据的准确性良好,但是降雨对数据的准确性影响比较大。这次对比试验结果表明,对比试验应该选择比较平稳的天气过程。由于秋冬季节大气环流比较稳定,降雨类型多为层状云降雨,因而风廓线雷达数据可靠性高;对流性降雨过程往往造成风廓线雷达资料可靠性降低。     

Quantitative characterization of connectivity and conductivity of sandstone carriers during secondary petroleum migration,applied to the Third Member of Eocene Shahejie Formation,Dongying Depression,Eastern China

Studies on migration pathways remain qualitative, albeit extensive quantification of migration forcing. In this study, hydrocarbon carriers are defined as carrier units and their corresponding carrier beds for the Third Member of Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, on the basis of their lithofacies and physical properties, spatial relationships, and data availability; secondary migration conduits are then quantified. A carrier unit is defined as a stratigraphic unit that contains microscopically porous and permeable carrier beds and is covered by regional seals. The carrier beds are macroscopically and physically connected to each other within a carrier unit and are hydrodynamically connected during secondary migration. A method of quantifying sandstone carrier units using common physical properties is developed. First, a carrier unit containing potential carrier beds is identified on the basis of lithofacies and their lateral changes. Second, physical connectivity of sandstone carrier beds is assessed on the basis of percolation theory. Third, the hydrodynamic connectivity of a sandstone carrier unit is analyzed using effective parameters that may reflect the hydraulic circulation in the carrier unit. Last, the conductivity of a sandstone carrier bed is quantitatively characterized using appropriate physical property parameters. The results for sandstone carrier units in the Third Member of the Shahejie Formation are used in numerical models addressing Pleistocene secondary migration. The model results explain the discovered accumulation and hydrocarbon shows well; and the model predictions on exploration targets have been confirmed by drilling.     

依托航空模拟平台的激光雷达技术课程实践教学装备

为了能更好地理解激光雷达技术工作原理与三维信息采集全过程,规避现有激光雷达技术,尤其是机载激光雷达,在实践教学中受场地限制的不利条件,本文依托于中国矿业大学(北京)沙河校区的航空模拟平台,自主研发了一套基于单线激光雷达与行程测距仪集成的三维激光扫描装备,阐述了该装备集成的数学原理,设计了三维数据采集实践教学方法,并进行了三维数据采集的实践体验与数据质量评价。结果表明,该装备采集三维点云的精度优于99%,可为激光雷达技术的实践教学、创新训练及本科毕业设计等环节提供有效的硬件支撑,并可在仓储方量核算等工程应用方面进行推广。     

三塘湖盆地二叠系干酪根热模拟气体产物的地球化学特征

针对三塘湖盆地的主力烃源岩二叠系芦草沟组泥质烃源岩开展封闭体系和半开放体系热模拟实验,前者将干酪根密封在金管中开展实验、后者直接对烃源岩样品进行压机半开放体系热解模拟,对实验中生成气体的组分和稳定碳同位素进行分析。实验结果显示,两种热解方法以无机气体生成为主,包括CO2、H2、H2S 和 N2等,其中 CO2含量最丰富,这与样品干酪根中丰富的氧含量一致。半开放体系模拟实验温度达到480℃时,气态烃的含量达40.64%,其中甲烷含量达到26.10%,封闭体系中随着模拟温度升高烃类气体产物的碳同位素呈现先变轻后变重的趋势,但同位素分馏程度不大, CH4气体的δ13C 值分布在-40.2‰~-46.6‰之间, C2H6分布在-34.3‰~-38.0‰之间, C3H8分布在-33.6‰~-36.0‰之间,而CO2气体δ13C值分布在-32.8‰~-28.8‰之间。三塘湖盆地针对气藏的勘探已经有所发现,但有关气藏的地球化学特征报道较少,该工作中的模拟实验结果可为三塘湖盆地深入的气藏地球化学勘探提供基础数据。     

温度对煤系泥岩力学特征影响的试验研究

利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统和GD-65/150高低温环境箱,对经历不同温度后煤系泥岩的力学特性进行试验研究,分析不同温度下煤系泥岩的应力-应变全过程曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、变形模量以及泊松比受温度的影响。研究结果表明,不同温度下泥岩的力学特性有差异。随温度的升高,其峰值应力、峰值应变有不同程度的降低,其峰值应力从25℃时的9.153 MPa下降到55℃时的8.271 MPa,降幅为9.6%;峰值应变从25℃时的11.002×10-3下降到55℃时的8.249×10-3,降幅达25.0%。弹性模量随温度的升高逐渐减小,变形模量随温度的升高而增大,泊松比随温度的升高逐渐减小,由此得到各参数变量随温度的变化关系。研究成果可为深井高温软岩巷道的围岩控制提供理论基础。     

Hydromechanical behavior of Tournemire argillites: Measurement of the poroelastic parameters and estimation of the intrinsic permeability by œdometric tests

Knowledge of shale poromechanical behavior is proven to be essential for various environmental issues such as deep geological storage of CO₂, high level radioactive waste storage, oil field abandonment and so forth… This paper sets out the key points of shale experimental characterization within the framework of Biot's mechanics of fluid saturated porous solids. Shales are well known to present a more or less transverse isotropy. This paper describes a full methodology for ?dometric tests on such sensitive and weakly permeable material. To illustrate this methodology, measurements carried out on Tournemire argillite are proposed. A transverse isotropic poroelastic model is also used to give a more in depth understanding of the hydromechanical coupling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于高密度电阻率法的土体干缩裂隙动态发育过程精细监测研究

土体在气候作用下发育干缩裂隙是一种常见的自然现象,裂隙的存在会极大弱化土体的工程性质,诱发许多岩土与地质工程问题。为了实时掌握黏性土中干缩裂隙网络的发展状态,提出了一套基于高密度电阻率层析成像技术（ERT）的土体干缩裂隙动态发展过程精细监测方法。分别开展模型试验及原位试验,利用自行研制的测定系统持续采集电流-电位差数据,随后利用自行开发的有限元法电阻率层析成像（FemERT）系统进行数据处理,获取了裂隙网络在不同发育阶段的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）ERT可以实现土体裂隙发育过程的精细监测,具备监测三维裂隙网络几何形态的能力,裂隙宽度的识别精度达到毫米级,裂隙深度的识别精度达到厘米级;（2）ERT的感度分布特征解释了裂隙发育对于土体电阻率的影响规律,测定电阻值时程曲线因裂隙产生位置的不同而呈现不同的变化规律;（3）反演电阻率及其相对变化率（Rev）可以直观表征裂隙网络在不同阶段的空间几何形态,凸显裂隙动态发育过程对于土体导电性的影响。     

南海北部琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘轨迹迁移及深水沉积模式

陆架边缘迁移轨迹综合受控于构造、物源、海平面和气候等多种因素,其迁移演化与深水沉积体系发育关系密切。陆架边缘迁移规律及沉积物输送体制与深水砂体预测是当前国际地学领域的热点议题。本文通过基于琼东南盆地新采集的高精度地震资料,定量表征了第四系陆架边缘轨迹,识别了低角度缓慢上升型、中等角度上升型和高角度急剧上升型等3类陆架边缘轨迹类型。2.4 Ma以来,陆架边缘轨迹时空演化可分为3个阶段且具有侧向差异性:2.4~1.9 Ma以低角度缓慢上升型为主,1.9~0.8 Ma西北部以低角度缓慢上升型为主,东北部则以中等角度上升型为主,0.8 Ma至今西北部以中等角度上升型为主,东北部以高角度急剧上升型为主。琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘迁移轨迹研究表明:当陆架边缘轨迹角0°<α<4°时,陆坡区峡谷规模较小且下切浅,深海平原区发育多期大型海底扇沉积,块体搬运沉积(MTDs)较少;当4°<α<35°时,陆坡区峡谷规模有所增加,深海平原区海底扇沉积与块体搬运沉积均有出现;当35°<α<90°时,陆坡区峡谷发育较少但下切深,深水平原区沉积以大型块体搬运沉积为主,海底扇几乎不发育。琼东南盆地更新世以来气温不断下降,以及东亚冬季风的显著增强,物源供给增强加之海平面的下降进而导致了西北部陆架边缘表现为进积特征;研究区东北部的断裂活动频繁以及物源供给弱,导致了研究区东北部陆坡推进距离远远小于研究区西北部且发育多期次块体搬运沉积物。以上认识对南海北部陆架边缘体系及深水扇预测具有一定的理论意义。