离子膜法制碱用盐水除碘技术研究进展与展望

在离子膜法制碱过程中,电解盐水中的碘会以碘酸盐和高碘酸盐的形式在离子膜内聚积,造成膜堵塞、膜寿命缩短、电流效率降低、电压升高等问题。现有的盐水除碘技术有氧化吸附法、氧化吹除法和还原吹除法,这些方法均需将溶液中的离子碘转化为单质碘。碘离子吸附剂可直接吸附去除溶液中的碘离子,有望用于盐水除碘,既可避免投入氧化剂,又缩短了除碘工艺流程,其盐水除碘性能有待进一步研究。     

基于改进的BOX模型的长江口及邻近水域水通量及水体交换特性*

提要 本研究成功将水动力模型ROMS(the regional oceanic modeling system model)与箱式模型结合,详细阐述了长江口及邻近水域四个季节的水通量特征及水体交换特性,为其物质通量研究提供准确的水量基础。研究发现,总的水通量整体受季风控制,季风的重要作用在于使得水体在南北方向上交替输送,而台湾暖流对春夏季底层水体南向输运具有重要作用;直接进入123.5°E以东外海区域的水通量很少,而是先从南边界流出研究区域,然后通过海洋环流系统进入外海。长江径流是影响水体更新的重要因素,但在强烈季风下,水体更新主要依赖于季风方向的水平水通量,主要是同层水体而不是表底层水体之间的交换。所以不能简单的以水体更新时间长短作为强烈季风区底层缺氧高发与否的标准。因此,虽然水体更新时间较长的区域与缺氧区基本一致,本研究认为该区域底层水体缺氧的本质原因是跃层阻隔了表底层水体之间的交换。     

长江口北支悬沙浓度在潮周期内和大小潮周期尺度的变化特征及输运研究

Profiles of tidal current and suspended sediment concentration(SSC) were measured in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary from neap tide to spring tide in April 2010. The measurement data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of intratidal and neap-spring variations of SSC and suspended sediment transport. Modulated by tidal range and current speed, the tidal mean SSC increased from 0.5 kg/m3 in neap tide to 3.5 kg/m3 in spring tide. The intratidal variation of the depth-mean SSC can be summarized into three types: V-shape variation in neap tide, M-shape and mixed M-V shape variation in medium and spring tides. The occurrence of these variation types is controlled by the relative intensity and interaction of resuspension, settling and impact of water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. In neap tide the V-shape variation is mainly due to the dominant effect of the water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. During medium and spring tides, resuspension and settling processes become dominant. The interactions of these processes, together with the sustained high ebb current and shorter duration of low-tide slack, are responsible for the M-shape and M-V shape SSC variation. Weakly consolidated mud and high current speed cause significant resuspension and remarkable flood and ebb SSC peaks. Settling occurs at the slack water periods to cause SSC troughs and formation of a thin fluff layer on the bed. Fluxes of water and suspended sediment averaged over the neap-spring cycle are all seawards, but the magnitude and direction of tidal net sediment flux is highly variable.     

Imperialist appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015

Unequal exchange theory posits that economic growth in the “advanced economies” of the global North relies on a large net appropriation of resources and labour from the global South, extracted through price differentials in international trade. Past attempts to estimate the scale and value of this drain have faced a number of conceptual and empirical limitations, and have been unable to capture the upstream resources and labour embodied in traded goods. Here we use environmental input-output data and footprint analysis to quantify the physical scale of net appropriation from the South in terms of embodied resources and labour over the period 1990 to 2015. We then represent the value of appropriated resources in terms of prevailing market prices. Our results show that in 2015 the North net appropriated from the South 12 billion tons of embodied raw material equivalents, 822 million hectares of embodied land, 21 exajoules of embodied energy, and 188 million person-years of embodied labour, worth $10.8 trillion in Northern prices – enough to end extreme poverty 70 times over. Over the whole period, drain from the South totalled $242 trillion (constant 2010 USD). This drain represents a significant windfall for the global North, equivalent to a quarter of Northern GDP. For comparison, we also report drain in global average prices. Using this method, we find that the South’s losses due to unequal exchange outstrip their total aid receipts over the period by a factor of 30. Our analysis confirms that unequal exchange is a significant driver of global inequality, uneven development, and ecological breakdown.     

Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols on Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in the Pearl River Delta Region

The environmental impact of aerosols is currently a hot issue that has received worldwide attention. Lacking simultaneous observations of aerosols and carbon flux, the understanding of the aerosol radiative effect of urban agglomeration on the net ecosystem carbon exchange(NEE) is restricted. In 2009-2010, an observation of the aerosol optical property and CO_2 flux was carried out at the Dongguan Meteorological Bureau Station(DMBS) using a sun photometer and eddy covariance systems. The different components of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),including global PAR(GPAR), direct PAR(DPAR), and scattered PAR(FPAR), were calculated using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART) model. The effects of PAR on the NEE between land-atmosphere systems were investigated. The results demonstrated that during the study period the aerosol optical depth(AOD)reduced the DPAR by 519.28±232.89 μmol photons · m~(-2)s~(-1);, but increased the FPAR by 324.93±169.85μmol photons ·m~(-2)s~(-1);, ultimately leading to 194.34±92.62 μmol photons · m~(-2)s~(-1); decrease in the GPAR. All the PARs(including GPAR,DPAR, and FPAR) resulted in increases in the NEE(improved carbon absorption), but the FPAR has the strongest effect with the light use efficiency(LUE) being 1.12 times the values for the DPAR. The absorption of DPAR by the vegetation exhibited photo-inhibition in the radiation intensity 600 photons · m~(-2)s~(-1); in contrast, the absorptions of FPAR did not exhibit apparent photo-inhibition. Compared with the FPAR caused by aerosols, the DPAR was not the primary factor affecting the NEE. On the contrary, the increase in AOD significantly increased the FPAR, enhancing the LUE of vegetation ecosystems and finally promoting the photosynthetic CO_2 absorption.     

Impact of Surface Exchange Coefficients and Sea Surface Cooling on Tropical Cyclone Simulation

The surface flux exchange associated with the exchange coefficients and upper ocean conditions is essential to the development of tropical cyclones (TCs). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the present study has investigated the impact of exchange coefficients and ocean coupling during Super Typhoon Saomai (2006). Firstly, two experiments with different formula of roughness are conducted. The experiment with the Donelan formula for drag coefficient (Cd) and ramped formula for enthalpy coefficient (Ck) can simulate stronger intensity compared to other experiments due to the increased surface wind and enthalpy fluxes. That is because the new formulas allows for a smaller Cd and larger Ck in the high wind regime than the former formulas did. Moreover, two coupled simulations between WRF and a one-dimensional ocean model are conducted to examine the feedback of sea surface cooling to the TC. In the experiments with a horizontal uniform mixed layer depth of 70 m, the sea surface cooling is too weak to change the evolution of TC. While in the experiment with an input mixed layer calculated using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) data, the significant sea surface cooling induces obvious impact on TC intensity and structure. Under the negative feedback of sea surface cooling, the sensible and latent heat fluxes decreases, especially in the right part of Saomai (2006). The negative feedback with coupled ocean model plays a vital role in simulating the intensity and structure of TC.     

广东省丰良地热田高氟地热流体成因及热储温度评价

广东丰顺丰良地区出露的地热水温度高达96℃,热储层为裂隙发育的下侏罗统的英安斑岩,F-含量较高。但关于其地热流体的补给来源、循环演化过程及热储温度研究较少。本文基于早期开展的勘探工作和补充采集、测试的地热水和气体数据,探讨了该地热系统的流体成因及热储温度。结果表明,丰良地区地热水存在2类,A类地热水温度普遍低于40℃,Ca2+含量高,Na+和K+含量低,以HCO-3—Ca2+型为主;B类地热水Na+含量高,Ca2+含量低,为HCO-3—Na+型。A类地下水可能受浅层地下水混入影响,但缺少直接证据。B 类地下水由周边山区的大气降水补给,沿裂隙或者断裂系统进入英安斑岩储层,循环深度和水—岩相互作用时间分别可达5200~6300 m和22 ka;储层温度条件下铝硅酸盐矿物的溶解以及阳离子交换作用促进了富N2、SiO2、F-、Na+、Sr和Li的地热水的形成;深部地热水上升至地表过程中,受冷水混入（混入比例为10%~25%）及少量CO2脱气（蒸汽散失比例为0. 3%~0. 5%）的影响;F-含量受控于富氟副矿物萤石矿物的溶解,与温度和pH值成正比。基于校正了混合作用和CO2脱气作用的地温计组合方法,得到深部热储温度为138~143℃,与其南部的汤坑地热系统热储温度一致,二者有可能属于同一大的地热系统。     

文本视图显示及信息拖动换行技术

在文本视窗领域,数据是实时变化、实时更新的,需要经常对外部设备采集到的数据进行查看、操作。本文采用了更好的文本视图显示方式,并且对信息拖动换行技术进行了研究;使文本视图在数据不断更新的情况下,使数据视图操作成为可能。基于最新的VC窗口显示机制,实现了数据的拖动换行等操作。使重要信息可以突出标识,文本数据观察变得简洁、醒目,可操作性强,在文本数据视图的显示方面,取得了良好的效果。     

Combined Separation of Cu,Fe and Zn from Rock Matrices and Improved Analytical Protocols for Stable Isotope Determination

Isotope ratios of heavy elements vary on the 1/10000 level in high temperature materials, providing a fingerprint of the processes behind their origin. Ensuring that the measured isotope ratio is precise and accurate depends on employing an efficient chemical purification technique and optimised analytical protocols. Exploiting the disparate speciation of Cu, Fe and Zn in HCl and HNO₃, an anion exchange chromatography procedure using AG1‐×8 (200–400 mesh) and 0.4 × 7 cm Teflon columns was developed to separate them from each other and matrix elements in felsic rocks, basalts, peridotites and meteorites. It required only one pass through the resin to produce a quantitative and pure isolate, minimising preparation time, reagent consumption and total analytical blanks. A ThermoFinnigan Neptune Plus MC‐ICP‐MS with calibrator‐sample bracketing and an external element spike was used to correct for mass bias. Nickel was the external element in Cu and Fe measurements, while Cu corrected Zn isotopes. These corrections were made assuming that the mass bias for the spike and analyte element was identical, and it is shown that this did not introduce any artificial bias. Measurement reproducibilities were ± 0.03‰, ± 0.04‰ and ± 0.06‰ (2s) for δ⁵⁷Fe, δ⁶⁵Cu and δ⁶⁶Zn, respectively.     

基于MC- ICP- MS的地质样品的高精度钾同位素分析方法

近年来,得益于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的快速发展,钾(K)同位素的分析精度得到显著提升,极大地促进了K同位素地球化学的发展,在示踪大陆风化、壳幔物质循环等方面已经展现出良好的应用前景。目前,样品分离提纯过程繁琐,耗时长,以及ArH⁺对K的直接干扰导致的分析精度不足依旧是K同位素得到更广泛应用的最大阻碍。在使用盐酸、硝酸以及氢氟酸将样品彻底溶解后,利用装有约2.7 mL AG50W-X8(BioRad^TM,200～400目)阳离子交换树脂的定制石英离子交换柱,以及0.5 mol/L硝酸作为淋洗液可以有效地将地质样品中的K与Na、Ti、Mg、Mn、Al、Ca等主要基体元素一次性分离开来,从而有效分离提纯常见地质样品中的K(高Cr样品除外)。在仪器分析方面,为达到最大程度降低测试过程中的ArH⁺产率以及提高仪器测试的稳定状态,分别采用了高分辨模式、高分辨加连续采集模式以及低分辨下扣除ArH⁺干扰模式进行测试,结果表明低分辨模式下测试成本较低,测试稳定时间最长且能达到与高分辨率测试相...