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101.
简要介绍了MAPGIS和AutoCAD的基本特点,详细分析了两者数据特点和数据转换过程中要注意的问题,重点阐述了AutoCAD的DXF和DWG两种数据格式与MAPGIS的MPJ数据格式之间转换的实现过程与方法,最后总结了对AutoCAD数据和其他GIS软件间的数据转换的参考意义,从而达到数据资源的共享。 相似文献
102.
In the northwestern North Pacific, annual net air-sea CO2 flux is greatest in the Kuroshio Extension(KE) zone,owing to its low annual mean partial pressure of CO2(pCO2), and it decreases southward across the basin. To quantify the influences of factors controlling the latitudinal gradient in CO2 uptake, sea surface pCO2 and related parameters were investigated in late spring of 2018 in a study spanning the KE, Kuroshio Recirculation(KR), and... 相似文献
103.
现场热响应试验是获取岩土体热物性参数的主要方法之一,可为试验场区地源热泵工程地埋管换热器类型及长度的选择,浅层地热能评价和开发利用提供基础数据。该文系统介绍了现场热响应试验的目地任务、试验装置、原理、内容和步骤,数据处理方法,并以位于汶泗河冲洪积扇中上流地区的兖州市南郊试验场松散层现场热响应试验为例,介绍了试验场区水文地质条件,试验过程、试验数据分析及应用。 相似文献
104.
105.
Steven M. Wondzell 《水文研究》2011,25(22):3525-3532
Many hyporheic papers state that the hyporheic zone is a critical component of stream ecosystems, and many of these papers focus on the biogeochemical effects of the hyporheic zone on stream solute loads. However, efforts to show such relationships have proven elusive, prompting several questions: Are the effects of the hyporheic zone on stream ecosystems so highly variable in place and time (or among streams) that a consistent relationship should not be expected? Or, is the hyporheic zone less important in stream ecosystems than is commonly expected? These questions were examined using data from existing groundwater modelling studies of hyporheic exchange flow at five sites in a fifth‐order, mountainous stream network. The size of exchange flows, relative to stream discharge (QHEF:Q), was large only in very small streams at low discharge (area ≈ 100 ha; Q < 10 l/s). At higher flows (flow exceedance probability > 0·7) and in all larger streams, QHEF:Q was small. These data show that biogeochemical processes in the hyporheic zone of small streams can substantially influence the stream's solute load, but these processes become hydrologically constrained at high discharge or in larger streams and rivers. The hyporheic zone may influence stream ecosystems in many ways, however, not just through biogeochemical processes that alter stream solute loads. For example, the hyporheic zone represents a unique habitat for some organisms, with patterns and amounts of upwelling and downwelling water determining the underlying physiochemical environment of the hyporheic zone. Similarly, hyporheic exchange creates distinct patches of downwelling and upwelling. Upwelling environments are of special interest, because upwelling water has the potential to be thermally or chemically distinct from stream water. Consequently, micro‐environmental patches created by hyporheic exchange flows are likely to be important to biological and ecosystem processes, even if their impact on stream solute loads is small. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
River water temperature is a common target of water quality models at the watershed scale, owing to its principal role in shaping biogeochemical processes and in stream ecology. Usually, models include physically‐based, deterministic formulations to calculate water temperatures from detailed meteorological information, which usually comes from meteorological stations located far from the river reaches. However, alternative empirical approaches have been proposed, that usually depend on air temperature as master variable. This study explored the performance of a semidistributed water quality application modelling river water temperature in a Mediterranean watershed, using three different approaches. First, a deterministic approach was used accounting for the different heat exchange components usually considered in water temperature models. Second, an empirical approximation was applied using the equilibrium temperature concept, assuming a linear relationship with air temperature. And third, a hybrid approach was constructed, in which the temperature equilibrium concept and the deterministic approach were combined. Results showed that the hybrid approach gave the best results, followed by the empirical approximation. The deterministic formulation gave the worst results. The hybrid approach not only fitted daily river water temperatures, but also adequately modelled the daily temperature range (maximum–minimum daily temperature). Other river water features directly dependent on water temperature, such as river intrusion depth in lentic systems (i.e. the depth at which the river inflow plunges to equilibrate density differences with lake water), were also correctly modelled even at hourly time steps. However, results for the different heat fluxes between river and atmosphere were very unrealistic. Although direct evidence of discrepancies between meteorological drivers measured at the meteorological stations and the actual river microclimate was not found, the use of models including empirical or hybrid formulations depending mainly on air temperature is recommended if only meteorological data from locations far from the river reaches are available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
107.
The North China Plain, which is critical for food production in China, is encountering serious water shortage due to heavy agricultural water requirement. The accurate modelling of carbon dioxide flux and evapotranspiration (ET) in croplands is thus essential for yield prediction and water resources management. The land surface model is powerful in simulating energy and carbon dioxide fluxes between land and atmosphere. Some key processes in the Simple Biosphere Model (Version 2, SiB2) were parameterized based on the observations. The simulated fluxes were tested against the eddy covariance flux measurements over two typical winter wheat/maize double cropping fields. A simple diagnostic parameterisation of soil respiration, not included in SiB2, was added and calibrated using the observations to model the carbon budget. The Ball‐Berry stomatal conductance model was calibrated using observed leaf gas exchange rate, showing that the original SiB2 could significantly underpredict the ET in the wheat field. SiB2 significantly underpredicted soil resistance at the Weishan site, leading to overpredict the ET. Overall, there was a close agreement between the simulated and observed latent heat fluxes and net CO2 exchange using the re‐parameterized SiB2. These findings are important when the model is used for the regional simulation in the North China Plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
【研究目的】 了解长江中下游平原地区地下水流系统并深入分析其地下水水化学特征及其演化机制。【研究方法】 综合马鞍山市当涂地区的水文地质条件、水动力场等,基于研究区水化学基本特征,运用多元统计分析、水化学图件、离子比值和反向水文地球化学模拟等方法对该地区浅层地下水水化学演化进行分析。【研究结果】 结果表明:(1)研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性水,地下水组分中阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和SO42-为主。(2)研究区地下水水化学类型主要可分为7类,其中松散岩类孔隙含水岩组和碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组的水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca型、HCO3-Ca·Na型、HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na型以及HCO3-Ca·Mg型;基岩类裂隙含水岩组的化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型和SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg型。(3)研究区浅层地下水水样超标率为46%,总体水质较差,超标率较高的组分依次为Mn、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、硝酸盐(以N计)、Fe、As、氨氮(以N计)等。(4)研究区地下水的化学组分主要受到岩石风化作用的控制;此外,还存在Na-Ca的正向阳离子交替吸附作用。反向水文地球化学模拟结果进一步定量论证了水岩相互作用对本区浅层地下水组分的形成和演化起着主导作用。【结论】 研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性,主要可分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水和基岩类裂隙水。主要离子比例和反向水文地球化学模拟揭示了本区浅层地下水化学组分主要是地下水溶滤方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物、石英、长石等硅酸盐矿物,高岭土等黏土矿物以及岩盐、石膏等达到过饱和之后形成的。 相似文献
109.
介绍了组合数学的概念、起源与研究的主要内容,分析了组合数学的特点,阐述了组合数学与计算机软件的联系,并着重通过两个例子说明了Ramsey数在计算机科学的信息检索、分组交换网设计分支中的重要应用. 相似文献
110.
武雅芝 《广东海洋大学学报》2006,26(2):101-103
从传播学的角度看,书籍具有信息交流的作用。在古代民间社会中,由于各方面条件的限制,书籍信息交流作用的发挥除了体现在传统的家学渊源中以外,主要表现为读书人之间的借阅、互借、借抄、赠予等行为。此外,少数书主慷慨大度地开放藏书(类似私家图书馆)及唐宋以来的历代私建书院,也使书籍的交流作用得到了发挥。 相似文献