新疆夏季云下二次蒸发对雨滴稳定同位素影响的定量研究

在干旱区,雨滴在云下降落易受到二次蒸发的影响,明确降水从云层底部降落到地面过程中稳定氢氧同位素的变化在同位素水文学研究中很有必要。基于新疆地面气象站逐小时的观测资料,采用改进后的Stewart模型,研究了新疆雨滴云下蒸发剩余比（从云下到近地面雨滴蒸发后剩余体积占原体积的百分率f）、雨滴中δD变化量（△δD）和过量氘变化量（△d）的时空特征,并分析了△d与气象要素的关系。结果表明：（1）新疆降水中△d和蒸发剩余比存在明显的空间差异。（2）当在气温低、相对湿度大、降水强度大、雨滴直径大的情况下,蒸发剩余比较大,△d接近于0,蒸发剩余比与△d间的线性关系明显,斜率较低。不同气象条件下,蒸发剩余比与△d的关系并不固定,利用这一线性关系反推蒸发剩余比应慎重。（3）敏感性分析可以得出,如果各气象站的气温升高2℃,△d降幅为0.26%~3.10%;如果相对湿度升高5%,△d升幅为1.23%~8.34%;如果雨强增大10%,△d升幅为0.06%~0.89%;如果雨滴直径增加0.2 mm,△d升幅为0.98%~8.16%,但雨滴直径增加量大于1.2 mm时,△d变化量趋于稳定。     

中国西部降水中/D及相关气候研究(英文)

The spatial variation of δD in precipitation in West China is discussed in this paper, and the relationship between δD in precipitation and temperature is analyzed as well based on the measured δD in precipitation samples collected in 6 sites in West China during mainly the summer of 1996. δD in precipitation in West China shows an intensive spatial variation: lower in the south of the Tibetan Plateau and higher in the north of West China. Analysis shows that the low value of δD is caused by obvious impact of southwest monsoon, and a very high value is due to the regional water cycle in the arid regions. δD in precipitation in the interior of the continent shows a strong “temperature effect”, while not in the south of the Tibetan Plateau.     

中国西南季风区不同水体稳定同位素特征分析——以重庆市北碚区为例

通过对重庆市北碚区大气降水和马鞍溪上游龙滩子水库水的氢氧同位素进行的一个水文年（2014年）的样品采集监测,研究了降水与水库的水的氢氧同位素之间的变化特征和规律。结果表明:(1)北碚区大气降水线方程为δD=8.82δ18O+18.97,r=0.99,n=101,P<0.01,δD、δ18O相关性极为显著,该区大气降水线斜率和截距大于全球大气降水线和中国大气降水线,表明研究区主要受西南季风和东南季风双重影响所致;(2)大气降水中δD、δ18O具有明显的季节变化,夏半年偏负,冬半年偏正;(3)大气降水中的δD、δ18O与降水量及温度呈现负相关关系,降水量效应显著,并且该效应远远掩盖了温度效应;(4)水库中水的δD、δ18O具有极好的相关性,其δD、δ18O样点落于全球大气降水线和区域大气降水线附近,并且水库中水d的变化趋势与降水d基本一致,表明前者主要补给来源是降水,而水库中水的δD、δ18O和d的变化幅度远远小于降水,表明前者不仅受降水补给,还受土壤水和地下水的补给。      

GCM Simulations of Stable Isotopes in the Water Cycle in Comparison with GNIP Observations over East Asia

In this paper, we examine the performance of four isotope incorporated GCMs, i.e., ECHAM4 (University of Hamburg), HadCM3 (Hadley Centre), GISS E (Goddard Institute of Space Sciences), and MUGCM (Melbourne University), by comparing the model results with GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) observations. The spatial distributions of mean annual δD and mean annual deuterium excess d in precipitation, and the relationship between δ18 o and δD in precipitation, are compared between GCMs and GNIP data over East Asia. Overall, the four GCMs reproduce major characteristics of δD in precipitation as observed by GNIP. Among the four models, the results of ECHAM4 and GISS E are more consistent with GNIP observed precipitation δD distribution. The simulated d distributions are less consistent with the GNIP results. This may indicate that kinetic fractionation processes are not appropriately represented in the isotopic schemes of GCMs. The GCM modeled MWL (meteoric water line) slopes are close to the GNIP derived MWL, but the simulated MWL intercepts are significantly overestimated. This supports that the four isotope incorporated GCMs may not represent the kinetic fractionation processes well. In term of LMWLs (local meteoric water lines), the simulated LMWL slopes are similar to those from GNIP observations, but slightly overestimated for most locations. Overall, ECHAM4 has better capability in simulating MWL and LMWLs, followed by GISS E. Some isotopic functions (especially those related to kinetic fractionation) and their parameterizations in GCMs may have caused the discrepancy between the simulated and GNIP observed results. Future work is recommended to improve isotopic function parameterization on the basis of the high-resolution isotope observations.     

Fine‐scale characteristics of groundwater flow in a peatland

Fine‐scale dynamics of groundwater flow were studied in a 1·5 ha peatland in central New York. Measurements of the hydraulic head throughout a detailed network of piezometer clusters revealed spatial and temporal variability in the direction of groundwater flow at a very fine (within a few metres) scale of analysis. Within the small wetland, there were areas of groundwater recharge, discharge and lateral flow. Such patterns of groundwater flow frequently reversed or changed due to fluctuations of only a few centimetres in hydraulic head. Specific conductance, deuterium signatures and calcium concentrations of groundwater corroborated the groundwater flow patterns determined with hydraulic head measurements and illustrated the influence of source water chemistry and evaporation on different layers in the peat column. The control of peat chemistry by such fine‐scale groundwater flow may have important implications for plant community composition and diversity in groundwater‐fed peatlands. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于氢氧同位素和水化学的废弃煤矿充水水源识别

峰峰矿区地处太行山东麓边缘,属华北地层区,矿区含水层可分为四大含水岩系,其中第四系孔隙含水层地下水和二叠系砂岩含水层地下水主要接受降水补给,石炭系薄层灰岩含水层地下水除接受沟谷河段渗漏补给外,在局部接受下伏奥陶系灰岩地下水的补给,奥陶系灰岩含水层地下水主要接受鼓山、九山及西北部灰岩裸露区降水补给。峰峰矿区有生产矿井13对,废弃矿井4对,本次研究对象为废弃的一矿和二矿。本文运用水化学成分和氢氧稳定同位素作为水循环过程的示踪剂,研究了峰峰矿区不同含水层地下水的水文地球化学特征,并在此基础上识别了废弃矿井主要充水来源。通过现场调查,系统采集了该区废弃矿井水、奥灰水、薄层灰岩水、砂岩水和松散岩类孔隙水水样,并采用离子色谱法、滴定法和高分辨率激光光谱法在实验室完成了水化学成分（K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和Sr2+）和氢氧稳定同位素组分（D和 18O）测定。水化学分析结果显示,废弃矿井水、奥灰水的水化学类型主要为HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg,属于低矿化度水;不同水体Sr2+含量存在一定的差异,废弃矿井水和奥灰水Sr2+平均值分别为0.67mg/L 和0.69mg/L,且二者Sr2+/Ca2+和Sr2+/Mg2+比值比较接近,可能说明二者存在密切的水力联系;不同水体水化学成分主要受到溶滤作用的影响。氢氧稳定同位素研究表明,砂岩水和孔隙水δD和 δ18O相对富集,废弃矿井水和奥灰水δD和 δ18O值比较接近。结合矿区奥灰含水层富水性强并与煤系地层存在密切水力联系的水文地质条件,说明奥灰水为废弃矿井水的主要充水水源。     

东海盆地西湖凹陷天台反转带花港组地层水地球化学特征及其成因

通过对西湖凹陷天台反转带花港组20口井地层水地球化学特征进行研究,进一步揭示地层水成因、来源以及保存条件。研究结果表明,花港组地层水离子组成以Cl−、Na+、Ca2+以及HCO3−为主,其中Na+和Cl−浓度与矿化度（TDS）之间呈现较好的线性关系,具有高浓缩地层水的特征。水型以氯化钙Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型为主;钠氯系数和脱硫系数均较小,远低于海水;钙镁系数高于深层水,均指示花港组地层封闭性好,处于交替停滞带,有利于油气的聚集与保存。Na+轻微亏损主要受钠长石化作用影响;Ca2+富集除了钠长石化作用外,有机质成熟过程中伴生的有机酸,对长石和含钙矿物的溶蚀作用,也促进地层水中Ca2+的富集;Mg2+亏损可能与高岭石、绿泥石以及白云岩化紧密相关。花港组地层水来源于陆相沉积水,受沉积环境、水-岩反应、蒸发浓缩作用以及流体混合作用共同控制,表现出富Ca2+,贫Mg2+,略微贫Na+的特点。     

四川黄龙降水氢、氧同位素对气候变化的指示意义

与全球大气降水线相比,黄龙大气降水线的斜率和常数项均较小,这与水滴在未饱和大气中降落时重同位素的蒸发富集作用有关,且反映了近几十年以来黄龙的气候有向暖干变化的趋势。降水稳定同位素的显著降水量效应说明黄龙降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋。过剩氘的季节变化及降水氢、氧同位素的降水量效应反映了黄龙地区旱季受大陆性气团的影响,空气干燥,降水量小,因此蒸发强,重同位素的富集作用强,从而降水中稳定同位素比率高;在雨季,受来自海洋水汽的影响,空气湿润,降水量大,因此蒸发弱,重同位素的富集作用轻,从而降水中稳定同位素比率低。据此推测,降水量效应可能是不同水汽来源对降水稳定同位素影响的结果。黄龙的降水温度效应不显著,季风气候抑制和掩盖了温度效应。      

Improved high-resolution global and regionalized isoscapes of δ18O, δ2H and d-excess in precipitation

Patterns of δ¹⁸O and δ²H in Earth's precipitation provide essential scientific data for use in hydrological, climatological, ecological and forensic research. Insufficient global spatial data coverage promulgated the use of gridded datasets employing geostatistical techniques (isoscapes) for spatiotemporally coherent isotope predictions. Cluster-based isoscape regionalization combines the advantages of local or regional prediction calibrations into a global framework. Here we present a revision of a Regionalized Cluster-Based Water Isotope Prediction model (RCWIP2) incorporating new isotope data having extensive spatial coverage and a wider array of predictor variables combined with high-resolution gridded climatic data. We introduced coupling of δ¹⁸O and δ²H (e.g., d-excess constrained) in the model predictions to prevent runaway isoscapes when each isotope is modelled separately and cross-checked observed versus modelled d-excess values. We improved model error quantification by adopting full uncertainty propagation in all calculations. RCWIP2 improved the RMSE over previous isoscape models by ca. 0.3 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and 2.5 ‰ for δ²H with an uncertainty <1.0 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and < 8 ‰ for δ²H for most regions of the world. The determination of the relative importance of each predictor variable in each ecoclimatic zone is a new approach to identify previously unrecognized climatic drivers on mean annual precipitation δ¹⁸O and δ²H. The improved RCWIP2 isoscape grids and maps (season, monthly, annual, regional) are available for download at https://isotopehydrologynetwork.iaea.org .     

Using stable isotopes 18O and 2H of lake water and biogeochemical analysis to identify factors affecting water quality in four estuarine Amazonian shallow lakes

Stable isotopes analyses of oxygen and hydrogen of lake water were used to estimate the effect of evaporation (E) on the water quality of four shallow lakes in the Amapá State coast—Amazon/Brazil. These lakes, with different size and hydrologic conditions, were sampled during the course of the 2015/2016 El‐Niño (record‐breaking warming/drought in the Amazon rainforest). Hydrometeorological and water quality parameters were simultaneously performed to the isotopic sampling. The results showed that the evaporation process and the water quality can be explained by climate season and distances from the Atlantic Ocean. Lake evaporation losses ranged from ≈0–22% during the wet season in April/2016 and ≈35.7% during the dry season in November/2015. As expected, the evaporation of lake water was greater during the dry season, but it was higher for lakes farther away from the Atlantic Ocean compared with more coastal lakes due to tidal preponderance and the influence of major river channels. The more inland estuarine lakes showed a lower level of salinity (0.00–0.03 ppt) compared with those closer to the Atlantic Ocean (0.01–0.08 ppt). The El Niño phenomenon, with a lower precipitation in the Amazon basin, may initiate salinization of lakes closer to the Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, strong mean seasonal variations of evaporation (0.06 ≤ E ≤ 0.22) and other hydrologic parameters were observed (precipitation, water temperature, and water depth), with significant effects on the water quality such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll (p < .05). We conclude that the occurrence of the extreme climatic events can disrupt the biogeochemical and hydrological balance of these aquatic ecosystems and salinization of lakes closer to the Atlantic Ocean.