孔隙压力对含随机缺陷岩石破坏过程及全部变形特征的影响

对于平面应变压缩条件下含有随机缺陷的岩样,利用FLAC研究了孔隙压力对岩样破坏过程、全部变形特征及前兆的影响。以前编写的若干FISH函数,被用于生成缺陷和计算轴向、侧向、体积应变及侧向应变与轴向应变比值的负值（计算得到的泊松比）。在峰值应力之后,密实岩石单元服从线性应变软化行为及随后的理想塑性行为,而材料缺陷呈现理想塑性行为。当孔隙压力较高时,应力-侧向应变曲线具有一平台;破坏的前兆更明显;变形后岩样的体积总是大于原始体积;在初始加栽阶段、均匀变形阶段及峰后变形阶段,由于明显的侧向膨胀,计算得到的泊松比远大于0．5。当孔隙压力较低时,在峰值应力之前,变形后岩样的体积小于原始体积,体积扩容出现于峰值应力之后,引起了负的体积应变。利用广义虎克定律,解释了平面应变弹性状态下数值结果的合理性。对岩样进行带状区域扫描后,确认随机缺陷的初始分布与岩样的最终破坏形态紧密相关。     

饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性试验研究——考虑剪切过程中变化的总主应力方向的影响

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,针对相对密度Dr=30％的福建标准砂,进行了不排水条件下的单调剪切试验。在剪切过程中,控制平均固结应力和中主应力系数保持不变,而总主应力方向不固定。与剪切过程中总主应力方向固定不变条件下的单调剪切试验进行了对比分析。试验研究表明,当饱和砂土试样具有水平沉积面时,初始固结主应力方向与剪切方向的不同组合,导致单调剪切过程中总的主应力方向的不断变化,从而显著地影响着饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性。总的主应力方向是影响饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性的最根本原因。     

深厚黄土覆盖层上土石坝地震响应特性分析

采用非线性有限单元法和笔者曾提出的动孔压试验曲线法,对某深厚黄土覆盖层上土石坝进行了有效应力法地震响应分析,重点分析大坝的绝对加速度、动位移和动应力等动力响应及动孔隙水压力分布情况。分析结果表明,在现有设计条件下,由于坝基软弱黄土覆盖层较厚,大坝在7度地震作用下地震响应不强烈,但坝基黄土覆盖层会出现液化情况,需采取相应的抗液化工程措施。     

软土动力排水固结的室内模型试验研究

以广州国际会展中心一期工程动力排水固结软基处理项目为工程背景进行了室内模型试验,重点观察和分析了插设塑料排水板过程中、全部夯击过程中及夯击完成后饱和软黏土内的孔压响应。结果表明,塑料排水板插设完毕时刻与各个位置孔压达到峰值时刻不同步,孔压增长体现出滞后性特点。夯击过程中,离夯击点越近,其孔压增长越快,孔压增长幅度也越大,达一定夯击击数后浅部孔压增长趋于平缓,而深部处全部夯击完毕后其孔压依然继续增加,但各个位置孔压消散情况基本一致。     

Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr等元素的生物有效性研究——以胶州湾水生系统为例

本文首先利用同站位多介质同采的资料分析研究了各环境介质中的不同痕量金属对生物富集的贡献,提出孔隙水中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr对生物体中同名组分富集的贡献较大;进而采用PHREEQC软件模拟了孔隙水中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr四种元素的组分存在形态,结果表明:PbCO3、Zn2 、CdCl2、Cr(OH)3分别为孔隙水中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr的优势态,但其生物有效形态依次为PbSO4、ZnOHCl、CdCl 、Cr(OH)2 。最后作者提出生物对其所处环境介质中痕量金属的富集并不取决于痕量金属的总量或其相应的优势态浓度的多寡,而是取决于痕量金属的生物有效态的浓度大小。     

饱和粉土液化和应变特性试验研究

对取自徐州市棠张镇拟建京沪高速铁路路基的粉土,在试验室内按不同的干密度和细粒含量进行重塑,完成了三组不同干密度和四组不同细粒含量的振动三轴液化试验。分析了粉土干密度和细粒含量对饱和粉土抗液化强度的影响;通过曲线拟合方法建议了粉土振动液化过程中的孔压增长模型和永久应变势模型,给出了模型参数。     

软件ABAQUS在饱和土体动力响应分析中的应用

研究表明:地震作用下土体的动力特性及变形特性与超静孔隙水压力的发展变化密切相关,因此,在土体动力分析过程中考虑孔隙水压的影响是非常必要的。本文通过对基本方程的推导,借助于大型有限元软件ABAQUS,进行了饱和土体在动力作用下孔隙水压变化的数值模拟。计算结果表明,ABAQUS完全适用于此类问题的数值模拟,并且稳定性和收敛性较好。     

波浪引起的海床失稳机理及有关孔隙水压力的讨论

近年来在海洋工程中由于海床失稳和下沉而引起的工程事故时有发生,因此波浪、海床和建筑物的相互作用问题越来越引起工程界的关注。文章首先介绍了波浪引起的海床失稳的基本机理,同时,由于孔隙水压力在海床失稳中起着重要作用,因此又通过引用前人成果,讨论了波土参数对孔隙水压力的影响。     

Nitrogen over enrichment in subtropical Pearl River estuarine coastal waters: Possible causes and consequences

Hong Kong is surrounded by estuarine, coastal and oceanic waters. In this study, monthly averages over a 10 year time series of salinity, temperature, chlorophyll a (chl a), dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), silicate (SiO₄) and orthophosphate (PO₄) at three representative stations around Hong Kong were used to examine if excess nitrogen in estuarine influenced waters is due to P limitation. The monthly distribution clearly shows the dominant influence of the seasonal change in river discharge in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent coastal waters. In winter, the river discharge is small and more oceanic waters are dominant and as a result, salinity is high, and chlorophyll and nutrients are low. In summer, when the river discharge is high, salinity decreases and nutrients increase. DIN is very high, reaching 100 μM in the estuary. This indicates over enrichment of nitrogen relative to P and consequently there is an excess of N in coastal waters of Hong Kong. P remains low (∼1 μM) and can potentially limit both phytoplankton biomass and N utilization which was demonstrated in field incubation experiments. P limitation would result in excess N being left in the estuarine influenced waters south of Hong Kong. Phosphate concentration is lower in the Pearl River estuary than in many other eutrophied estuaries. Therefore, this relatively low PO₄ concentration should be a significant factor limiting a further increase in the magnitude of algal biomass and in the degree of eutrophication in the Pearl River estuary. The export of the excess N offshore into the northern South China Sea may result in an increase in the size of the region that is P limited in summer.     

Tight dual models of pore spaces

The pore throats in a porous medium control permeability, drainage, and straining through their pore scale geometry and through the way they are connected via pore bodies on the macroscale. Likewise, imbibition is controlled through the geometry of the pore bodies (pore scale) and through the way the pore bodies are connected via pore throats on the macroscale. In an effort to account for both scales at the same time we recently introduced an image-based model for pore spaces that consists of two parts related by duality: (1) a decomposition of a polyhedral pore space into polyhedral pore bodies separated by polygonal pore throats and (2) a polygonal pore network that is homotopy equivalent to the pore space. In this paper we stick to the dual concept while amending the definition of the pore throats and, as a consequence, the other elements of the dual model. Formerly, the pore throats consisted of single two-dimensional Delaunay cells, while they now usually consist of more than one two-dimensional Delaunay cell and extend all the way into the narrowing ends of the pore channel cross sections. This is the first reason for naming the amended dual model “tight”. The second reason is that the formation of the pore throats is now guided by an objective function that always attains its global optimum (tight optimization). At the end of the paper we report on simulations of drainage performed on tight dual models derived from simulated sphere packings and 3D gray-level images. The C-code for the generation of the tight dual model and the simulation of drainage is publicly available at https://jshare.johnshopkins.edu/mhilper1/public_html/tdm.html.