四川广元—朝天地区推覆构造研究

根据1：5万区域地质调查资料和野外重点地段的解剖研究，将广元－朝天地区推覆构造划分为四个推覆构造带，并论述了该区推覆构造的特征及其变形模式；提出了区内滑覆是由推覆形成的，其发展方向为由北西向南东，扩展方式为前展式。探讨了本区推覆构造的形成演化机制。     

中朝古大陆东部早前寒武纪变质岩系对比及其演化阶段划分

介绍了朝鲜半岛太古宙、古元古宙的表壳岩和花岗质岩石的岩石组合、岩石化学和地球化学特征;根据近几年来华北古大陆前寒武纪地质研究的新发现和同位素年代学的最新成果,对中朝古大陆东部吉－辽－鲁古陆同朝鲜半岛的狼林陆块、京畿陆块和冠帽陆块等进行对比,表明朝鲜北部的狼林、冠帽陆块同胶辽古陆为同一演化体系,而其南部的京畿、小白山陆块的对比,存在不少问题,有待今后深入对比研究。     

Strata Architectural Variability and Facies Distribution in a Structural Transfer Zone:A Case Study of Fushan Sag,Northern South China Sea

Structural transfer zones in a half-graben rift basin play a significant role in controlling sandy sediments and providing a target for hydrocarbon exploration. Previous studies have classified the transfer zone in lacustrine environments into two different patterns: synthetic approaching transfer zones and synthetic overlapping transfer zones. However, the evolution of the depositional pattern and the controlling factors of the above transfer zones are still unclear. In the Fushan Sag, the northern South China Sea, an overlapping transfer zone developed in the early Eocene Epoch, while a synthetic approaching transfer zone developed in the late Eocene, due to tectonic uplift. This evolutionary process provided an opportunity to study the stacking pattern of strata architectural variability and facies distribution in the structural transfer zone of the Eocene lacustrine basin. In this study, following the indications of the oriented sedimentary structures in core samples and heavy mineral assemblages of 18 wells, the evolution of the paleo-hydrodynamic distribution during the early and late Eocene has been reconstructed. The sequence-stratigraphy was then divided and the sand body parameters calculated, according to the seismic data and well log interpretations. During the early Eocene, the lake level was at a low stand, the faults broken displacement in the East block being over 50?m. The prograding delta and turbidites are oriented perpendicular to the structural transfer zone. According to the quantitative analysis of the flow rate and the depositional parameters, we speculate that gravity transportation of the sediment and the sediment-supply are the dominating factors during this period. Up to the late Eocene, the rising lake level and the decreased fault displacement leads the flow to divert to a NE-direction, resulting in it being parallel to the axis of the transfer zone. Thus, we speculate that the accommodation space is predominant in this period. In comparison with the above two periods, a braided river delta with an isolated sand body and turbidites developing in the deep area is prominent in the overlapping transfer zone, while a meandering river delta is characteristic of the synthetic approaching transfer zone.     

Conditional simulation of spatially variable seismic ground motions based on evolutionary spectra

This paper proposes a computational procedure for the conditional simulation of spatially variable seismic ground motions for long span bridges with multiple supports. The seismic ground motions, with part of their time histories measured at some supports, are regarded as zero‐mean nonstationary random processes characterized by predefined evolutionary power spectral density. To conditionally simulate unknown seismic ground motion time histories at other supports, the Kriging method is first described briefly for the conditional simulation of a random vector comprised of zero‐mean Gaussian variables. The multivariate oscillatory processes characterized by the evolutionary power spectral density matrix are then introduced, and the Fourier coefficients of the oscillatory processes and their covariance matrix are derived. By applying the Kriging method to the random vector of the Fourier coefficients and using the inverse Fourier transform, unknown nonstationary seismic ground motion time histories can be simulated. A numerical example is selected to demonstrate capabilities of the proposed simulation procedure, and the results show that the procedure can ensure unbiased time‐varying correlation functions, especially the cross correlation between known and unknown time histories. The procedure is finally applied to the Tsing Ma suspension bridge in Hong Kong to generate ground accelerations at its multiple supports using limited seismic records. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated watershed subdivision for simulations using multi-objective optimization

A qualitative trial-and-error approach is commonly used to define watershed subdivisions through varying a single topographic threshold value. A methodology has been developed to quantitatively determine spatially variable threshold values using topography and a user-defined landscape reference layer. Optimization and topographic parameterization algorithms were integrated to create solutions that minimize the number of sub-watersheds and maximize the agreement between the discretized watershed and the reference layer. The system was evaluated using different reference datasets such as soil type, land management, and landscape form. Comparison of simulated results indicated that the scenario using land management as the reference layer yielded results closer to the scenario subdivided using a constant topographic threshold but with approximately 10 times more sub-catchments and therefore indicating customization of the watershed subdivision to the user-defined reference layer. The proposed optimization technology could be used in adequately applying watershed modeling technology in developing conservation practice implementation plans.     

On the importance of training methods and ensemble aggregation for runoff prediction by means of artificial neural networks

ABSTRACT

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) become widely used for runoff forecasting in numerous studies. Usually classical gradient-based methods are applied in ANN training and a single ANN model is used. To improve the modelling performance, in some papers ensemble aggregation approaches are used whilst in others, novel training methods are proposed. In this study, the usefulness of both concepts is analysed. First, the applicability of a large number of population-based metaheuristics to ANN training for runoff forecasting is tested on data collected from four catchments, namely upper Annapolis (Nova Scotia, Canada), Biala Tarnowska (Poland), upper Allier (France) and Axe Creek (Victoria, Australia). Then, the importance of the search for novel training methods is compared with the importance of the use of a very simple ANN ensemble aggregation approach. It is shown that although some metaheuristics may slightly outperform the classical gradient-based Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for a specific catchment, none performs better for the majority of the tested ones. One may also point out a few metaheuristics that do not suit ANN training at all. On the other hand, application of even the simplest ensemble aggregation approach clearly improves the results when the ensemble members are trained by any suitable algorithms.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR E. Toth     

兴地断裂构造特征及其演化历史

兴地断裂是塔里木盆地东北缘十分重要的大型控盆断裂,该断裂对塔里木盆地东北缘地层发育、构造古地理、库鲁克塔格断隆-满加尔坳陷的构造演化等具有重要的控制作用.根据断裂带中糜棱岩、构造角砾岩、构造透镜体、断层崖、断层三角面等不同构造形迹的性质,结合断裂对区域地层发育和构造古地理的控制作用,对断裂的变形期次和性质进行了划分,并讨论了断裂的演化历史及其形成的地球动力学背景.断裂经历了元古代—新生代漫长的构造演化历史,发生了多期次不同性质构造活动.其构造演化主要包括形成期(Pt2);伸展期(Pt3—O);挤压反转期(O2末期和O3末期);左旋压扭期(Pz2末期)、逆冲推覆期(E末期—Q3)和右旋张扭期(Q4)6个构造演化阶段.     

安徽庐枞地区中生代火山岩区巴家滩火山穹窿的研究

巴家滩杂岩体位于庐枞中生代火山构造洼地的中心。地质填图，重、磁异常和卫片影象均显示出其为火山穹窿的特征。岩石、矿物地球化学的研究表明，辉石粗安岩与辉石二长岩同源，分别为火山穹窿的上部和根部。辉石二长岩形成于高温、超浅成的环境下，贫水、粘度较高的岩浆有利于火山穹窿的形成。本文根据地质资料的分析，揭示了巴家滩火山穹窿的演化历史。     

自然界酸性溶液的形成和向成矿溶液演化机理──表生循环水向成矿溶液演变机理之(二)

对成矿溶液性质的认识是矿床成因和预测矿床的理论基础。到目前为止，讨论“酸性成矿溶液成矿机理”的报导甚少。作者认为，既然火山气体冷暖水是强酸性的，地壳中的岩浆气液冷凝水必然也是强酸性的，其pH接近于零，由岩浆气液冷凝水演变成的合矿溶液及其成矿作用在地质中可能是相当普遍的现象。本文讨论了岩浆气液冷凝水向含矿溶液转变的条件和机理、含矿溶液成矿的条件和机理，以及随后溶液又向近中性卤水成分演变的规律。本文以扬子地块西南缘低温热液交代改造型矿床为例，揭示地壳中酸性含矿溶液成矿的普遍规律及地质证据。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷西斜坡构造特征及构造演化

基于苏北盆地金湖凹陷的地质及地球物理资料,根据区域构造演化背景和剖面,描述了该凹陷的构造特征,讨论了该凹陷西斜坡构造演化阶段,并探讨了其构造演化特征。结果表明：金湖凹陷西斜坡地区断裂构造发育,大部分断层弧形弯曲,断层以小级别断层为主,断层组合以拉张型为主,断块圈闭发育;西斜坡在新生代期间的构造演化可划分为斜坡发育阶段（古新世阜宁期）、差异抬升阶段（始新世戴南期一三垛期）、逆冲褶断阶段（始新世三垛期末）、构造稳定阶段（新近纪和第四纪）等4个阶段;新生代构造活动强弱交替,断层活动差异性明显,古新世阜宁期和始新世三垛期断层活动规模和活动强度较大,新生代整体持续西抬东降,有利于聚集来自斜坡东部深部凹陷的油气形成油气藏。