Inverse Analysis of Deep Excavation Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper presents the applications of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in back analysis of soil parameters for deep excavation problems. A computer code, named Python‐based DE, is developed and incorporated into the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, with a parallel computing technique to run an FE analysis for all trail vectors of one generation in DE in multiple cores of a cluster, which dramatically reduces the computational time. A synthetic case and a well‐instrumented real case, that is, the Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) project, are used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed back‐analysis procedure. Results show that multiple soil parameters are well identified by back analysis using a DE optimization algorithm for highly nonlinear problems. For the synthetic excavation case, the back‐analyzed parameters are basically identical to the input parameters that are used to generate synthetic response of wall deflection. For the TNEC case with a total of nine parameters to be back analyzed, the relative errors of wall deflection for the last three stages are 2.2, 1.1, and 1.0%, respectively. Robustness of the back‐estimated parameters is further illustrated by a forward prediction. The wall deflection in the subsequent stages can be satisfactorily predicted using the back‐analyzed soil parameters at early stages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安徽沿江地区中生代岩浆岩的基本特点

安徽沿江地区位于长江中下游岩浆带中段,中生代岩浆活动强烈,类型复杂,特点突出。它具有夹心饼干式分带现象。中间为富碱的高钾钙碱性岩系和橄榄安粗岩系;两侧为钙碱性岩系。中间的岩浆岩具有高钾富碱、高Ｓｒ,低Ｍｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ,εＮｄ变化大但Ｉｓｒ变化小且较低以及岩浆演化的多样性为特点。     

Late Permian Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Controlling Factors in Southern Yangtze Platform and Its Margin

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓａｎｄｔｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｔｒａｔｉｇｒａｐｈｙｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｓｔｒａｔｉｇｒａｐｈｙｌｉｎｋｅｄｔｏｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍａｎｄｇａｓｅｘｐｌ...     

蒙阴盆地的成生与演化

蒙阴盆地是在库拉板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲，中国东部隆升伸展板块裂解阶段发育起来的。在中生代，盆地的成生演化经历了侏罗纪拗陷盆地发育阶段和早白垩世拗陷—裂陷阶段。在相应沉积演化过程中，形成侏罗纪湖相红色碎屑岩建造，早白垩世早期滨浅湖—半深湖相灰绿色细粒陆屑岩沉积，早白垩世中期河湖相凝灰质复陆屑岩类夹火山碎屑岩类沉积，早白垩世晚期中基性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩组合。沉积中心在侏罗纪和早白墨世早期皆偏于西北部，此后，向东南部迁移。晚白垩世，盆地处于风化剥蚀阶段。古近纪，受新生太平洋板块向亚洲大陆下俯冲影响，盆地又处于拗陷—裂陷阶段，相应形成山间河湖相—山麓堆积相类磨拉石建造。古近纪末期，该盆地整体隆起处于长期风化剥蚀状态。     

晚中更新世以来武威盆地沉积特征——基于WV3 钻孔的释光年代学研究

青藏高原东北缘河西走廊形成了一系列新生代盆地,是研究盆地沉积演化的重要区域。武威盆地位于河西走廊东部,盆地内沉积了较厚的新生代冲洪积地层。为了厘清武威盆地晚中更新世以来的沉积演化历史,笔者等在武威盆地石羊河中上游处钻取了长207 m的WV3 钻孔岩心,获得了上部17 m岩心的 19 个钾长石两步法 pIR200IR290 年龄和 2 个多步法 MET-pIRIR 年龄,结合粒度资料,重建了武威盆地石羊河流域中下游晚中更新世以来的光释光年代学框架和沉积历史。结果表明：两步法 pIR200IR290 和多步法MET-pIRIR年龄在误差范围内一致。220~128 ka时期,沉积速率最小,为 0.35 mm/ka,水动力条件较强,以侵蚀为主;128~108 ka (MIS 5d、MIS 5e) 时期沉积速率为 1.94 mm/ka,沉积物粒径由粗变细,表明此时水动力条件由强变弱;末次冰盛期到全新世早期 (19~9 ka) 沉积速率为2.78 mm/ka,沉积物粒径较细,表明此时水动力条件较弱,沉积速率最大,沉积为主。该地区新构造运动比较活跃,在末次间冰期至末次冰盛期期间存在逆冲活动。该研究对于揭示晚中更新世以来祁连山东北部石羊河流域沉积演化特征具有重要意义。     

Dynamical response to supernova-induced gas removal in spiral galaxies with dark matter halo

We investigate the dynamical response, in terms of disc size and rotation velocity, to mass loss by supernovae in the evolution of spiral galaxies. A thin baryonic disc having the Kuzmin density profile embedded in a spherical dark matter halo having a density profile proposed by Navarro, Frenk & White is considered. For the purpose of comparison, we also consider the homogeneous and   r ⁻¹  profiles for dark matter in a truncated spherical halo. Assuming for simplicity that the dark matter distribution is not affected by mass-loss from discs and the change of baryonic disc matter distribution is homologous, we evaluate the effects of dynamical response in the resulting discs. We found that the dynamical response only for an adiabatic approximation of mass-loss can simultaneously account for the rotation velocity and disc size as observed particularly in dwarf spiral galaxies, thus reproducing the Tully–Fisher relation and the size versus magnitude relation over the full range of magnitude. Furthermore, we found that the mean specific angular momentum in discs after the mass-loss becomes larger than that before the mass-loss, suggesting that the mass-loss would most likely occur from the central disc region where the specific angular momentum is low.     

西扬子大陆区泥盆纪沉积演化与成矿

西扬子大陆区泥盆系因有丰富的矿产资源一直为地学界所关注.在泥盆纪盆地演化中,地质事件与成矿关系极为密切.盆地沉积类型有台地型和海槽型两种.台地型泥盆系在沉积建造、生物群落、地质事件及沉积矿产等多方面均能与中、下扬子区相对比,故归属南方区扬子型泥盆系;海槽型泥盆系与台地型泥盆系在时空上均紧密衔接,但成矿作用有明显差别.海槽型泥盆系多产出层控型金和多金属矿床,台地型则以沉积矿床为主.     

基于MapObjects的闽江口湿地信息系统

在动态度、马尔柯夫链等数学方法和景观生态学理论指导下,建立了闽江口湿地时空演变模型,应用组件式技术,利用MapObjects在Visual Basic平台上,进行闽江口湿地时空演变信息系统设计和开发,并应用该信息系统对闽江口湿地时空演变进行实例分析。结果表明,该系统能更高效、直观管理闽江口湿地空间信息和属性信息,以形象化的方式对湿地作全局性时空分析,使得闽江口湿地管理和保护更加科学。     

Embedding reach-scale fluvial dynamics within the CAESAR cellular automaton landscape evolution model

We introduce a new computational model designed to simulate and investigate reach-scale alluvial dynamics within a landscape evolution model. The model is based on the cellular automaton concept, whereby the continued iteration of a series of local process ‘rules’ governs the behaviour of the entire system. The model is a modified version of the CAESAR landscape evolution model, which applies a suite of physically based rules to simulate the entrainment, transport and deposition of sediments. The CAESAR model has been altered to improve the representation of hydraulic and geomorphic processes in an alluvial environment. In-channel and overbank flow, sediment entrainment and deposition, suspended load and bed load transport, lateral erosion and bank failure have all been represented as local cellular automaton rules. Although these rules are relatively simple and straightforward, their combined and repeatedly iterated effect is such that complex, non-linear geomorphological response can be simulated within the model. Examples of such larger-scale, emergent responses include channel incision and aggradation, terrace formation, channel migration and river meandering, formation of meander cutoffs, and transitions between braided and single-thread channel patterns. In the current study, the model is illustrated on a reach of the River Teifi, near Lampeter, Wales, UK.     

绿洲演变及其调控因素初析

绿洲是荒漠区适宜多种生物共同生息繁衍的地域。它通过人为干扰、气候波动和构造活动等因素的变化调控而发生演变。构造活动对绿洲演变的影响具有空间差异性和时间滞后性;气候波动则表现为区域相对一致性, 随时间发展的渐变性和过程的复杂性;人为干扰无论是空间上还是时段上都有很强的局限性, 但其发展迅速和时空不稳定性(社会原因)成为影响绿洲演变的调控因素, 同时也是人工干预绿洲演变, 实施永序管理的重要途径。