NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY OF EFFECTS OF EASTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON ENSO

In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Zebiak-Cane ocean-atmosphere coupled model forced by the wind stress anomaly from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data to study the impacts of eastern Pacific warm pool on the formation and development of ENSO events. The effects of climatological mean sea surface temperature of the warm pool on forecast skill during the ENSO events of 1982–1999 are more considerable that those of climatological mean meridional winds and ocean currents. The forecast skill for the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event is characterized by sensitivity to climatological mean sea surface temperature and anomalies of northerly winds and currents. The forecast skill is found insensitive to climatological mean northerly meridional winds and currents.     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

松辽盆地青山口组震积岩的特征、成因及其构造-火山事件

中国大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔青山口组二、三段岩心中发育有4段深水震积岩,赋存在青二段底部到青三段底部的深湖砂岩薄夹层中。标志性震积构造有阶梯状断层、震裂缝、角砾状构造、重荷构造、砂球-砂枕构造(假结核)、液化扭曲变形构造、肠状构造、液化砂岩脉、假泥裂,均属同生-准同生期的软沉积变形构造,缺少震浊积岩表明是原地震积岩。青山口组震积岩展示了震积岩的一个发育模式和沉积序列,该序列由地震作用强烈时期发育的液化变形下部单元和地震作用衰减时期发育的塑性变形上部单元构成。松科1井南孔青山口组中火山物质与火山灰夹层共生。在金6井、金65井相当层位有橄榄粗安岩、火山角砾岩发育,乾124井、乾109井有玄武岩发育,这些井均位于孙吴-双辽超壳断裂一线,表明在青山口期有构造-火山事件的发生,震积岩是构造-火山事件引发的地震在深水环境中的记录。松辽盆地青山口期有构造-火山事件的发生,显示坳陷阶段也存在相当规模的断裂活动和火山喷发。     

A revision of the Ordovician stratigraphy for the western Ireland Caledonides and implications for tectonic models

The western Ireland Ordovician stratigraphy has been previously used to constrain the timing of docking of an island arc and its fore‐arc basin with the margin of Laurentia for the British and Irish Caledonides. New field relationships and age data indicate that one of the key formations, the Rosroe Formation (459.2 ± 0.8 and 465.1 ± 2.1 Ma), and its supposed lateral equivalent, the Maumtrasna Formation are younger than previously interpreted. New age data for a tuff band in the Maumtrasna Formation (468.9 ± 1.3 Ma) also support previous studies showing it can be correlated to the adjacent Mweelrea Formation. The new field evidence, age data and geochemistry contradict some previous studies and show that the Maumtrasna, Rosroe and Derrylea formations can no longer be considered lateral equivalents. Based on the new stratigraphy a revised tectonic model is required with sedimentation in this part of the Caledonides taking place in a fore‐arc basin outboard of a continental arc and the oceanic arc was an along‐strike equivalent of this arc situated in an embayment of the Laurentian margin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stratigraphic,sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the rise of the Urgonian platform in the western Swiss Jura

Urgonian‐type carbonates are a characteristic feature of many late Early Cretaceous shallow‐marine, tropical and subtropical environments. The presence of typical photozoan carbonate‐producing communities including corals and rudists indicates the prevalence of warm, transparent and presumably oligotrophic conditions in a period otherwise characterized by the high density of globally occurring anoxic episodes. Of particular interest, therefore, is the exploration of relationships between Urgonian platform growth and palaeoceanographic change. In the French and Swiss Jura Mountains, the onset and evolution of the Urgonian platform have been controversially dated, and a correlation with other, better dated, successions is correspondingly difficult. It is for this reason that the stratigraphy and sedimentology of a series of recently exposed sections (Eclépens, Vaumarcus and Neuchâtel) and, in addition, the section of the Gorges de l’Areuse were analysed. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, the evolution of phosphorus contents of bulk rock, a sequence‐stratigraphic interpretation and a correlation of drowning unconformities with better dated sections in the Helvetic Alps were used to constrain the age of the Urgonian platform. The sum of the data and field observations suggests the following evolution: during the Hauterivian, important outward and upward growth of a bioclastic and oolitic carbonate platform is documented in two sequences, separated by a phase of platform drowning during the late Early Hauterivian. Following these two phases of platform growth, a second drowning phase occurred during the latest Hauterivian and Early Barremian, which was accompanied by significant platform erosion and sediment reworking. The Late Barremian witnessed the renewed installation of a carbonate platform, which initiated with a phase of oolite production, and which progressively evolved into a typical Urgonian carbonate platform colonized by corals and rudists. This phase terminated at the latest in the middle Early Aptian, due to a further drowning event. The evolution of this particular platform segment is compatible with that of more distal and well‐dated segments of the same northern Tethyan platform preserved in the Helvetic zone of the Alps and in the northern subalpine chains (Chartreuse and Vercors).     

The incised valley of Baffin Bay,Texas: a tale of two climates

Baffin Bay, Texas is the flooded Last Glacial Maximum incised valley of the Los Olmos, San Fernando and Petronila Creeks along the north‐western Gulf of Mexico. Cores up to 17 m in length and high‐resolution seismic profiles were used to study the history of Baffin Bay over the last 10 kyr and to document the unusual depositional environments within the valley fill. The deposits of the Baffin Bay incised valley record two major and two minor events. Around 8·0 ka, the estuarine environments backstepped more than 15 km in response to an increase in the rate of sea‐level rise. Around 5·5 ka, these estuarine environments changed from environments similar to other estuaries of the northern Gulf of Mexico to the unusual suite of environments found today. Another minor flooding event occurred around 4·8 ka in which several internal spits were flooded. Some time after 4·0 ka, the upper‐bay mud‐flats experienced a progradational event. Because of its semi‐arid climate and isolation from the Gulf of Mexico, five depositional environments not found in the other incised‐valley fills of the northern Gulf of Mexico are found today within Baffin Bay. These deposits include well‐laminated carbonate and siliciclastic open‐bay muds, ooid beaches, shelly internal spits and barrier islands, serpulid worm‐tube reefs and prograding upper‐bay mud‐flats. Based on these unusual deposits, and other characteristics of Baffin Bay, five criteria are suggested to help identify incised valleys that filled in arid and semi‐arid climates. These criteria include the presence of: (i) hypersaline‐tolerant fauna; (ii) aeolian deposits; and (iii) carbonate and/or evaporite deposits; and the absence of: (iv) peat or other organic‐rich deposits in the upper bay and bay‐margin areas; and (v) well‐developed fluvially dominated bayhead deltas.     

新疆阿克苏地区新元古代晚期地层沉积相及层序地层研究

通过阿克苏地区尤尔美那克村、尤尔美那克村西、阿克苏水泥厂实测剖面研究,将该地区南华系晚期和震旦系地层由下向上划分为：冰成相、浅海陆棚相、潮坪相、滨岸相、浅海相以及碳酸盐台地相。这些地层可分为两个层序（Sq1和Sq2）,Sq1层序由尤尔美那克组地层和苏盖特布拉克组下亚组组成,包括冰成相、浅海陆棚相、潮坪相和滨岸相,属典型的冰期地层层序。Sq2层序由苏盖特布拉克组上亚组和奇格布拉克组组成,包括滨岸相,浅海相和碳酸盐台地相,属于潮汐作用为主的滨浅海碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩层序。根据年龄、碳同位素和冰期沉积特征综合对比,阿克苏地区晚元古代Sq1和Sq2层序应分别对比于鲁克塔格地区的第4和第5层序,说明尤尔美那克冰期相当于特瑞艾肯冰期,并揭示阿克苏地区在晚元古代早期应有较长阶段的缺失或剥蚀。     

华北克拉通北缘及邻区前燕山期主要地质事件

近年来,华北克拉通北缘及邻区的研究进展集中在前燕山期的主要地质构造格架的廓清,以及晚中生代以来的构造岩浆事件和克拉通岩石圈减薄研究的深化。本文对前者的研究进展作评述和展望。华北克拉通自1.8～1.75Ga形成后,时有岩浆扰动。1.35Ga的基性岩床和岩墙群事件代表了华北克拉通与北美克拉通的裂解,说明华北克拉通曾经是哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分。华北克拉通北缘大陆边缘的演化也应当从1.35Ga以后开始。早古生代时期,在华北克拉通以北的兴蒙造山带南部发育了白乃庙岛弧岩带,但此时华北克拉通依然记录的是稳定沉积。该岛弧岩带在早古生代末期可能通过弧-陆碰撞形式增生到华北克拉通北部边缘。早中泥盆世期间,在华北克拉通北缘发育了年龄为410～380Ma的碱性杂岩,可能与弧陆碰撞后的伸展有关。从晚石炭世(～320Ma)开始,华北克拉通北缘发展为安第斯型活动大陆边缘,古亚洲洋向南俯冲在华北克拉通之下。在相邻的兴蒙造山带,古亚洲洋还存在向北的俯冲,形成了白音宝力道岛弧岩带。古亚洲洋沿索伦缝合带的最终闭合发生在二叠纪末—三叠纪初期。华北克拉通北缘大量～250Ma以来的后碰撞岩浆活动记录了这一拼合过程。晚三叠世—早侏罗世华北克拉通北缘发生大规模逆冲推覆。早侏罗世时期,华北克拉通北缘已经出现基底结晶岩系的广泛剥露。在燕山期构造岩浆作用之前,华北克拉通北缘的东西向构造格架基本奠定。     

南岭燕山期构造-岩浆热事件与锡田锡钨成矿

燕山期发生的与岩石圈减薄和构造转折有关的壳幔相互作用,引起了地球深部能量和物质向浅部的大规模传输,造成了南岭中生代构造-岩浆热事件,从而为成矿作用提供了必需的热、流体、挥发组分和成矿元素,形成了巨量金属堆积的独特地质背景。处于南岭多金属成矿带中段北缘的锡田锡钨成矿区即是在此热事件作用下,形成了云英岩型、似伟晶岩壳型、夕卡岩型、构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型锡、钨多金属矿床。     

川东南庙高寺—二里场地区嘉陵江组层序地层与沉积相

下三叠统嘉陵江组可划分为2个三级层序,对应嘉一—嘉二、嘉三—嘉五两大地质时期。根据岩心和测井解释进一步识别出了6个四级层序和15个五级层序。这两个三级层序都由海侵体系域和高位体系域构成,沉积相都经历了由开阔环境向局限环境的转变。因此嘉陵江组含开阔台地和半局限—局限台地两大沉积相,同时可识别出6种亚相及20种微相。四级、五级层序在广大的台地区具有可比性,纵向上滩体位置变化不明显。嘉二1和嘉四1这两个时期处于特殊的海平面升降旋回阶段,台内滩相较发育;嘉一到嘉二期和嘉三、嘉四到嘉五期,经历了由开阔台地相的石灰岩沉积到局限台地相的膏岩、白云岩沉积两次大的相变,构成两轮沉积旋回。