Advances in the study of the Crop Evapotranspiration in Changing Environment

Significant changes in the regional energy process, water recycling and the biological process have taken place due to the climate change and human activities, and the regional agriculture has been affected by these changes. It is therefore a key issue for the regional agricultural water resource management to accurately monitor and evaluate the change of crop evapotranspiration under a changing environment. The development of the evapotranspiration theory was first reviewed, and then, the driven mechanisms and the research progress of crop evapotranspiration were illustrated. The suitability of the current monitoring method and evaluation model of the evapotranspiration in the crop evapotranspiration research under climate change were analyzed. After that, the current studies of the agricultural water resources management of “ET-based” were reviewed, and finally, the research tendency of the crop evapotranspiration on the theory, methods and application management in the future were prospected.     

1960-2007年中国地表潜在蒸散发敏感性的时空变化(英文)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that "pan evaporation paradox" commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing trends.     

Understanding hydrological trends by combining the Budyko hypothesis and a stochastic soil moisture model

Abstract

The actual evapotranspiration and runoff trends of five major basins in China from 1956 to 2000 are investigated by combining the Budyko hypothesis and a stochastic soil moisture model. Based on the equations of Choudhury and Porporato, the actual evapotranspiration trends and the runoff trends are attributed to changes in precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, rainfall depth and water storage capacity which depends on the soil water holding capacity and the root depth. It was found that the rainfall depth increased significantly in China during the past 50 years, especially in southern basins. Contributions from changes in the water storage capacity were significant in basins where land surface characteristics have changed substantially due to human activities. It was also observed that the actual evapotranspiration trends are more sensitive to precipitation trends in water-limited basins, but more sensitive to potential evapotranspiration trends in energy-limited basins.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Porporato     

Regional differences in the effects of El Niño and La Niña on low flows and floods

Abstract

The response of monthly 7-day low flow, monthly instantaneous peak flow, and monthly frequency of flood events to El Niño and La Niña episodes is investigated for 18 rivers that represent a diverse range of climatic types throughout New Zealand. A significant positive or negative deviation from the long-term average was observed in over half the possible combinations of river, streamflow index, and type of ENSO episode; significant deviations were most frequent in the case of low flow, especially during La Niña episodes. Patterns of streamflow response differ widely between rivers, and the response of a given river to individual ENSO episodes is very variable. The patterns of streamflow response to ENSO are consistent to some extent with the climatic effects of ENSO already identified by meteorologists. Two core regions can be defined in which streamflow tends to respond in the same way. These are in the northeast of the North Island, and in the axial ranges of the South Island, where there are significant effects of ENSO on the frequency and duration of rain-bearing northeasterly and westerly winds respectively. The patterns of response strongly reflect topography, and the exposure of catchments to predominant air masses.     

基于CMIP6多模式的长江流域蒸散发预估及影响因素

蒸散发是水文循环和能量传输的中间环节,同时也是联结土壤、植被、大气过程的纽带。基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）12个全球气候模式数据,研究了SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5三种情景下,长江流域2020-2099年实际蒸散发E_T（Evapotranspiration,简称ET）的时空变化及其影响因素。研究结果表明,在3种气候变化情景下长江流域ET相较基准期（1995-2014年）均存在显著增加趋势,且长江中下游地区增加趋势最为显著;SSP1-2.6情景ET较基准期先快速增加,21世纪60年代之后减缓并趋于平稳,SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下均呈持续增加趋势。研究了降水（Precipitation,简称Pr）、气温（Air Temperature,简称T）和叶面积指数L_AI（Leaf Area Index,简称LAI）对长江流域ET的影响;SSP1-2.6和SSP2-4.5情景下,长江流域ET受T影响最为显著,而SSP5-8.5情景下,LAI是影响ET的主导因素。在3种气候情景下,辐射强迫越大,植被增加趋势越显著,对ET的影响越强（SSP5-8.5、SSP2-4.5、SSP1-2.6情景下影响逐渐减弱）,而ET对LAI的敏感性则逐渐降低（SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5情景下敏感性逐渐降低）。     

Water balance of the Salado–Juramento river basin (Argentina)

A lumped water balance model was used to derive a monthly water storage series in the Salado–Juramento southern basin, for the period 1954–1986. The evapotranspiration term was estimated using the Bouchet's complementary relationship. Different evapotranspiration formulas following the concepts of potential evapotranspiration and wet environmental evapotranspiration were used. The regional average groundwater levels and the specific yield were used to tune Bouchet's equation. The extrapolation of the water storage series to a secular period (1901–2002) was achieved using a synthetic annual discharge series. The water storage was deficient for most of the century, i.e. more than 60 years; nevertheless in the last 30 years, the system recovers half of the water previously lost. The singular spectral analysis showed that a significant low‐frequency signal is present in the water storage and precipitation series. The main cause of water storage variability would be given by precipitation, in spite of the vast anthropogenic changes on the basin. Anthropogenic effects would be reflected in the river discharges, where no significant signal is detected before 1970; however, an annual signal is insinuated after that year. The conclusions of this work could be different if we only looked at the 1954–1986 period. The results of that period suggest that the basin is primarily accumulating water instead of being mainly in deficit. Thus, here we demonstrated the importance of the secular analysis to illustrate the complete basin behaviour. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发的关系研究

利用广东86个气象站1961-2008年的观测资料,采用高桥浩一郎经验公式、Penman公式分别计算了广东省6个子区域1961-2008年实际蒸散发(Actual Evapotranspiration)Ea和潜在蒸散发(Potential Evapotranspiration)Ep,并定量化分析了供水条件变化下Ea与Ep的关系,对它们的理论从属性进行了判定。结果表明,广东省年实际蒸散发量远低于潜在蒸散发量,全省平均Ea为791.0 mm/a,Ep为1 034.1 mm/a,多数子区域Ea不足Ep的3/4,Ea的变异性明显高于Ep。随降水量R的增加,粤东沿海、珠三角、粤北、粤中、粤西南5个子区域Ea增加趋势明显,粤东Ea随R的变化趋势不明显;除粤东外,各子区域的Ep与降水量呈显著负相关关系;随着R的增加,全省平均Ea呈明显的增加趋势,Ep则呈明显的下降趋势。通过对降水量R与实际蒸散发Ea、潜在蒸散发Ep的联合回归方程R-E回归系数的T检验,判定粤东沿海、珠三角、粤北、粤中、粤西南5个子区域Ea与R和Ep与R的关系满足理论意义上的完全互补相关;粤东Ea与R和Ep与R关系不明确。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF LOW-LYING PRAIRIE WETLAND IN MIDDLE REACHES OF HEIHE RIVER IN NORTHWEST CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NW aterbalance and interactions are foundation to utilizew aterresources rationally in arid inland river basins inC hina (W U etal.,2005).W ateravailability in those ar-eas m ay be the m ain constraint to poverty alleviation,publiche…     

同化叶面积指数和蒸散发双变量的冬小麦产量估测方法

同化遥感信息到作物生长过程模拟模型,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。同化变量的选取对同化结果精度至关重要。本文在标定WOFOST作物模型参数的基础上,优化了WOFOST模型的默认灌溉参数。利用ET和LAI作为同化变量,分别构建了时间序列趋势信息的代价函数和四维变分代价函数;采用SCE-UA算法最小化代价函数, 重新初始化WOFOST模型初始参数——作物初始干物质重、作物35 ℃生命期和灌溉量。最后利用MODIS LAI产品（MCD15A3）、MODIS ET产品（MOD16A2）,同化到作物模型估测产量,并对比分析了水分胁迫模式下同化单变量（ET或LAI）和同化双变量（ET和LAI）的估产精度。结果表明：同化双变量ET和LAI的策略,优于同化单变量LAI或ET,双变量策略的冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.432,RMSE=721 kg/hm²;单独同化高精度LAI对提高估产精度具有重要作用,其冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.408,RMSE=925 kg/hm²;单独同化ET的趋势信息改善了WOFOST模型模拟水分平衡的参数,但是,产量估测精度（R²=0.013,RMSE=1134 kg/hm²）与模型模拟估测产量精度（R²=0.006,RMSE=1210 kg/hm²）相比改善效果有限。本研究为其他区域的遥感数据与作物模型的双变量数据同化的作物产量估测研究提供了参考价值。