Dissolved manganese and silicic acid in the Columbia River plume: A major source to the California current and coastal waters off Washington and Oregon

The spatial distributions of dissolved manganese and nutrients were examined in the Columbia River plume off Oregon and Washington during the summer of 2004 and 2005 as part of the River Influence on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) program. Factors influencing the hydrochemical characteristics of the freshly formed and aged Columbia River plume were investigated. Hydrographic data and nutrient concentrations were used to delineate three distinct water sources for the Columbia River Plume: California Current surface water, coastal upwelled water, and Columbia River water. The warm, intermediate salinity, nutrient poor California Current water contains low levels of dissolved manganese (< 5 nM) and silicic acid (< 5 μM), and is depleted in nitrate. The cold, high salinity, nutrient rich, freshly upwelled water is highly variable (2–20 nM) in dissolved manganese and can be as high as  45 μM in silicic acid and  30 μM nitrate. The variable Columbia River has summer temperatures ranging from  13 to 24 °C, high silicic acid concentrations (ranging from  120 to 200 μM), and lower nitrate concentrations (ranging from  2 to 20 μM). During the summer, the concentrations of silicic acid and dissolved manganese can exceed 100 μM and 200 nM, respectively, in near-field Columbia River plumes. These values are markedly greater than those of surface coastal waters (even during upwelling conditions). As the plume advects and mixes, the concentrations of these two constituents remain relatively high within plume waters. The concentrations of dissolved manganese in the near-field plume vary with tidal amplitude, exhibiting much higher concentrations for a given salinity during spring tides than during neap tides. For example, the Columbia River plume at a salinity of 20 has a concentration of dissolved manganese of  240 nM during spring tides, as compared to only  60 nM during low amplitude tides. Silicic acid concentrations in the near-field plume remain relatively constant throughout the tidal month. Calculations indicate there is roughly an equivalent yearly delivery of dissolved manganese and silicic acid to the coastal waters off Oregon and Washington by upwelled waters and by the Columbia River plume.     

UV/H2O2法降解乙酸影响因素的研究

通过采用UV/H₂O₂法,以乙酸为研究对象,高压汞灯为光源,在温度为（35±2）℃、曝空气量为0.8 L/min的条件下,研究了UV/H₂O₂技术对500 mL浓度为8 mmol/L的乙酸溶液进行的光降解反应。考察了各种因素对UV/H₂O₂降解乙酸的影响。实验表明,H₂O₂浓度为15 mmol/L、pH值为3.4时,乙酸降解效果最佳,此时,在240 min内,乙酸、TOC和COD的去除率可分别达到98%、98%和97%,体系中乙酸完全矿化。利用UV/H₂O₂法对实际糠醛废水进行了降解,效果良好。     

Fatty acid composition of phytoplankton, settling particulate matter and sediments at a sheltered bivalve aquaculture site

Fatty acid biomarkers were used to investigate the biogeochemistry of a former blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture site in a shallow, sheltered cove in northeastern Newfoundland. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in net-tow and sediment trap samples indicated a substantial phytoplankton source of organic matter, and fluctuations in specific fatty acid biomarkers reflected the changing abundances of diatoms and dinoflagellates. In comparison, sediments contained very low levels of PUFA (<15%) and were dominated by terrestrial and bacterial markers. In a separate study, blue mussels were grown at this closed site, providing the opportunity to examine the relationship between lipid supply, as recorded by net-tow and trap samples, and bivalve requirements. The average plankton fatty acid composition throughout the year agreed well with that of the adult blue mussels, suggesting that fatty acids were provided in proportions very similar to the bivalves' requirements. The fatty acid composition of the blue mussels was typical of those collected elsewhere, with PUFA proportions near 50%. However, examination of fatty acid data of plankton sampled in other areas revealed that the plankton in the current study may have been unusual in providing fatty acids at levels required by the bivalves.     

二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)繁殖前后生化成分及氨基酸组成的比较研究

对太平洋蛎二倍体和三倍体在繁殖前后的几种生化成分和氨基酸组成进行了比较研究，为牡蛎的生理生化研究提供了基础数据。结果显示：太平洋牡蛎的总糖，糖原，脂肪和蛋白的含量与其繁密切相关，二倍体牡蛎在繁殖后的总糖，糖原，脂肪的含量比繁殖前分别降低了24．31％，30．37％，14．91％，三倍体分别降低了9．45％，7．17％，20．29％，而二倍体和三倍体牡蛎粗蛋白的含量在繁殖后较繁殖前分别增高了14．91％，12．285，表明了糖类和脂肪是牡蛎殖能量的主要来源，繁殖前三倍体牡蛎的糖原含量比二倍体高23．30％，繁殖后二倍体糖原含量明显降低，三倍体的糖原含量比二倍体高了73．83％，表明三倍体牡蛎由于可育性低而体内一直保持较高水平的糖原含量，从而在繁殖季节也保持了鲜美的口味。二倍体太平洋牡蛎与三倍体的氨基酸组成和含量的分析比较也表明，二倍体牡蛎的氨基酸组分在繁殖前后变化较大，而三倍体的氨基酸组分相对稳定。     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带(Laminaria japonica)幼苗藻体表面数量分布特点及其对海带回染的初步研究

在威海泊于、崮山及荣成 3家海带育苗场 ,采用回染实验方法对采集的海带藻体表面褐藻酸降解菌数量分布及特点进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,采自荣成的病烂海带幼苗上 ,其总异养细菌数量 ( 1 2 2× 1 0 8cfu/g)比威海两家育苗场的正常海带幼苗上总异养细菌数量 (崮山 :1 1 5× 1 0 6cfu/g及泊于 :1 1 1× 1 0 6cfu/g)高 1 0 0多倍 ,其褐藻酸降解菌的数量 ( 4 88× 1 0 7cfu/g)比后两家 (崮山 :8 0× 1 0 4 cfu/g及泊于 :4 3× 1 0 5cfu/g)的高 1 0 0— 5 0 0倍。与正常海带幼苗相比 ,烂苗脱落后的总异养细菌数量较高 ( 2 42× 1 0 7∶1 1 1× 1 0 6) ,而褐藻酸降解菌的数量相对更高 ( 1 5 0× 1 0 7∶4 3× 1 0 5) ;其中 ,脱落烂苗上的褐藻酸降解菌数量约占其总异养细菌数量的61 98%。将分离、纯化的部分褐藻酸降解菌对海带孢子体组织块进行回染实验 ,能引起海带组织产生绿烂现象 ,证明褐藻酸降解菌是海带烂苗的条件致病菌。     

大菱鲆的营养研究进展

介绍了国外近年来大菱Ping的仔稚鱼期生物饵料、植物蛋白、脂类以及维生素对其生长及成活率影响的研究现状，以期为我国大菱Ping鱼的科学养殖提供参考。     

温度、光照、氮含量对微绿球藻生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

报道了环境因子对微结球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata)的生长速率及脂肪酸组成的影响，结果表明：微绿球藻具有较快的生长速度，且富含16：1（n-7)和20：5（n-3)(EPA)。适温范围为0－30℃，最适温度为20℃，温度对脂肪酸组成的影响较明显，EPA在20摄氏度时最高，30℃时急剧下降，生长较适宜光强为5000－7000lx，但在1000lx时EPA产率最大；氮含量为10mg/L时生长速度最快，但此时EPA含量较低。     

山东半岛南部近海大气气溶胶水溶性离子的化学组成

为研究陆源输入对中国近海大气气溶胶的影响,于2007年春季和秋季对山东半岛南部近海进行气溶胶采集工作.分析结果表明气溶胶水溶性离子中主要无机离子无显著的季节性变化,其中二次离子(nss-SO2-4,NO-3,NH+4)浓度最高,占总测定离子浓度的80%以上.甲磺酸离子浓度春季明显高于秋季,分别为(0.041±0.022)和(0.012±0.003 1)μg·m-3,导致生源硫酸盐对非海盐硫酸盐的贡献率分别为4.5%和1.5%;另一方面海盐源硫酸盐分别占总硫酸盐浓度的3.3%和3.9%,以上结果表明人为输入源占山东近海大气气溶胶中硫酸盐来源的主要部分.春季与秋季气溶胶中nss-SO2-4/NO-3值分别为1.43和1.34,反映出近年来中国大气中SO2/NOx呈现出下降趋势.由此可见,来自陆源的人为活动输送导致山东南部近海大气气溶胶的化学组成呈现出明显的陆源特征.     

低温条件下饲料的脂肪含量对石斑鱼生长的影响

为了研究在低温条件下饲料中的脂肪含量对石斑鱼生长的影响,制作脂肪含量为7.53%(G1)、9.52%(G2)、13.27%(G3)和16.64%(G4)的石斑鱼试验饲料,在闭路循环水16.1~21.3℃的低温下养殖石斑鱼,试验结束时称重并进行生物学指标和氨基酸的测定,结果表明低温对鱼类的生长性能产生了一定程度的影响,低温条件下,随着脂肪含量的升高,实验石斑鱼的增重率、肝脂率、肌脂率有明显程度的提高,而肝体比、脏体比相应的降低,摄食G1、G2实验饲料的石斑鱼为负增长,其肝脂率和肌脂率显著高于摄食G3、G4实验饲料的石斑鱼,而肝体比、脏体比却显著的低于后者,肌肉蛋白含量、水分及消化道指数无显著差异,死亡率随着脂肪含量的升高呈降低的趋势,各组石斑鱼肌肉的氨基酸组成差异不大,仅表现为酪氨酸随着脂肪添加量的增加减少的趋势,本实验说明了低温条件下适当增加饲料中的脂肪含量有利于保持石斑鱼的生长,同时为鱼类的越冬期及低温胁迫下的管理提供了1种可行的营养供给策略。     

腐殖酸在海水/矿物界面上的吸附行为

用批量平衡实验法研究了腐殖酸(Humic acid,HA)在4种矿物蒙脱石、高岭石、针铁矿和水锰矿上的吸附。Freundlich和Langmuir模型都可以很好地描述吸附行为。矿物对腐殖酸的吸附能力顺序为:针铁矿水锰矿蒙脱石高岭石。增大盐度有利于促进吸附,但溶解有机质对吸附影响很小。腐殖酸在蒙脱石、高岭石和水锰矿3种矿物上的吸附随溶液pH值的升高而减少,而在针铁矿上的吸附只有当pH值高于7时才逐渐降低。腐殖酸在矿物表面上的作用机制最可能是疏水作用和氢键作用。