软弱易冲蚀地层钻探施工技术

钻探生产中经常遇到一些软弱易冲蚀地层,因这些地层岩石破碎、松软,在进入内管前往往易被冲洗液冲蚀,进入内管后也常常因卡簧卡不牢在打捞时掉落造成空管。因岩心采取率低往往造成钻孔报废。以贵州道真新民铝土矿矿区为例,分析了软弱易冲蚀地层岩心采取率低的原因;为提高该类地层岩矿心采取率,研制了元泵反循环超前侧喷绳索取心钻具,保证了岩矿心采取率,取得了很好的效果。     

Particle size distribution and strain rate attenuation in hypervelocity impact and shock recovery experiments

Particle size distribution (PSD) is an often used parameter to describe and quantify fragmentation of deformed rock. Our analyses of shock deformed sandstone show that dynamic fragmentation influences the PSD, expressed as fractal dimension (D-value). Image analysis was used to derive fractal dimensions from a hypervelocity impact cratering experiment (2.5 mm steel sphere, 4.8 km/s) and a planar shock recovery experiment (2.5 GPa). The D-values in the cratering experiment decrease from 1.74 at the crater floor to 0.84 at a distance of 7.2 mm to the crater floor. The D-values found in this experiment are closely related to the microstructural features found at distinct distances from the crater floor. The obtained values are in good agreement with the D-values reported for fault zones, impact sites and deformation experiments. The D-value measured in the shock recovery experiment is 2.42. Such high D-values were usually attributed to abrasive processes related to high strain. Since the strain in our experiment is only ∼23% we suggest that at highly dynamic deformation very high d-values can be reached at small strain. To quantify this, numerical impact modelling has been used to estimate strain rates for the impact experiment. This is related to the activation of more inherent flaws and fracture bifurcation at very high strain rates ∼>10² s⁻¹.     

地震台站前兆数据库的备份和恢复方式

介绍了oracle数据库的备份、恢复机制以及具体的实现方法,比较了各种备份方案的优缺点,给出了地震前兆台站Oracle数据库的备份方案,确保数据库能够稳定安全地运行。     

A study on the temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts following earthquakes

According to the ＂jacking-up＂ theory, which relates the cause of earthquakes to outer core convection ascension bodies, the crust will gradually recover after an earthquake. In such cases, the crust is stretched, the underground temperature is reduced, precipitation decreases, and drought occurs. In this paper, precipitation is compared with ground temperature and seismic data to determine the spatial and temporal relationship between earthquakes and subsequent droughts. Our objective is to develop a new method of drought prediction. With a few exceptions in location, the analysis of the first drought to occur after the Ms 〉 7 earthquakes in mainland China and the adjacent areas since 1950 shows that droughts tended to occur in regions near earthquake epicenters and in the eastern regions of the epicenters at the same latitude within six months after the earthquakes. In addition, and the differences between the starting time of the earthquakes and the droughts nearly share the same probability of 0 to 6 months. After careful analysis of 34 Ms 〉 6.5 earthquakes occurring in western China from 1980 to 2011, we determined that a second drought tends to occur approximately six months following the first drought, indicating a quasi-half-year period. Moreover, the duration of the quasi-half-year fluctuation increases with the magnitude of earthquake, at approximately 2.5 years for Ms 6.5 earthquake and approximately 5 years for Ms 8 earthquake.     

曝气法对石油污染土壤的修复研讨

为了探讨石油污染土壤修复的有效方法，就曝气法对石油污染土壤的修复功能，在野外试验场地进行了为期13天的试验。结果表明，曝气法可使空气与土壤中呈吸附态和残余态的石油烃类相接触，从而使土壤中的石油烃类通过挥发和好氧生物降解去除，为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供了科学依据。     

曝气法对石油污染土壤的修复研讨

为了探讨石油污染土壤修复的有效方法,就曝气法对石油污染土壤的修复功能,在野外试验场地进行了为期13天的试验。结果表明,曝气法可使空气与土壤中呈吸附态和残余态的石油烃类相接触,从而使土壤中的石油烃类通过挥发和好氧生物降解去除,为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供了科学依据。     

映秀 北川断裂带中垂直断裂带走向的NW SE向构造和汶川地震

通过汶川科学钻探钻孔地质实体(岩芯)的构造研究、非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)地应力测试,结合区域构造和汶川地震NW向余震带的综合分析,提出沿映秀-北川断裂走向的狭窄范围内存在一组NW-SE向构造,其总体产状为:走向N48°W,倾角中等,与映秀-北川断裂带的总体走向和ASR地应力测试获得的一组最大主应力方位(侧伏方向224°)和最大水平应力方位(44°)接近垂直。NW-SE向构造,除少数发育为宏观的断裂构造外,多数表现为密集的裂隙系(或隐断裂)和隐伏断裂,以逆冲性质为主,局部略具左行走滑特征。映秀-北川断裂两侧相向倾斜的NW-SE向裂隙系表明其两侧存在有方向相反的运动,映秀-北川断裂属两侧具有不同形成机制和相向位移的双侧走滑型断裂。映秀-北川断裂的同震垂向位移受NE-SW向构造和NW-SE向构造双重因素制约,在汶川地震的主震带与NW向余震带叠置部位具最大的垂向位移量。从时间尺度分析,在汶川地震的全过程中,仅开始时刻表现为自NW→SE方向的强烈逆冲作用,随后的主要时间段内均表现为沿断裂带方向的运动和自SW→NE方向的逆冲。NW-SE向构造的形成是龙门山深部应力和能量长期积聚的结果,强震发生时,初始时刻的自NW向SE方向的强烈挤压,瞬即转换成自SW向NE方向的运动和强烈挤压。NE-SW向挤压构造应力场,是由NW-SE向挤压作用长期积累和诱导,并叠置在区域NW-SE向主导的挤压构造应力场之上的局部构造应力场,但在发震后,它主导了地震能量自震源区沿断裂走向向NE方向的快速传递和扩展及NW向强余震的发生,地震能量在NE-SW向强烈挤压过程中得到最终释放。因此,映秀-北川断裂在地震的不同阶段,其性质存在差异,在地震宁静期或弱震期(应力积累和闭锁期)以自NW往SE方向的逆冲性质为主,兼有右行走滑特征,但在强震期(应力释放和解锁期),除发震时表现为强烈的继承性逆冲作用,随后即转化为以平行断裂带走向自SW向NE方向的快速运动和扩展及自SW往NE方向的逆冲作用为主。     

轨道高程控制网的优化设计

针对常规水准测量存在效率不高、高程点精度不均匀等问题,该文分析了《高速铁路工程测量规范》(TB10601—2009)中介绍的两种CPⅢ高程控制网测量方法——德国中视法和中国矩形法的特点及其在实践中的应用,在此基础上提出了外业测量效率更高的新矩形法、单程矩形法和双程矩形法,通过对3种方法的相邻点高差中误差和每千米高差全中误差的估算以及实验验证了这3种方法不仅能满足现有的高铁规范要求,而且效率更高,可以成为CPⅢ高程控制网的建网方法;证实双程矩形法更适合用于工期较为宽松的CPⅢ高程网的建网测量,新矩形法和单程矩形法适用于工期紧张的CPⅢ高程网的复测。     

Monitoring recovery after earthquakes through the integration of remote sensing,GIS, and ground observations: the case of L’Aquila (Italy)

The usefulness of remote sensing (RS), geographical information systems, and ground observations for monitoring changes in urban areas has been demonstrated through many examples over the last two decades. Research has generally focused on the relief phase following a disaster, but we have instead investigated the subsequent phases involving early recovery, recovery, and development. Our aim was to determine to what extent integration of the available tools, techniques, and methods can be used to efficiently monitor the progress of recovery following an earthquake. Changes in buildings within the Italian city of L’Aquila following the 2009 earthquake were identified from Earth observation data and are used as indicators of progress in the recovery process. These changes were identified through (1) visual analysis, (2) automated change detection using a set of decision rules formulated within an object-based image analysis framework, and (3) validation based on a combination of visual and semiautomated interpretations. An accuracy assessment of the automated analysis showed a producer accuracy of 81% (error of omission: 19%) and a user accuracy of 55% (error of commission: 45%). The use of RS made it possible for the identification of changes to be spatially exhaustive, and also to increase the number of categories used for a recovery index. In addition, using RS allowed the area requiring extensive fieldwork (to monitor the progress of the recovery process) to be reduced.