单桩承载力的一种直接动测法

应用高应变动测法确定基桩的承载力非常依赖测试人员的经验且存在多解性问题。为克服这种现象,介绍了一种新的直接动测法,并以一灌注桩的现场静载试验为对象,建立了详细的基桩有限元静力、动力分析模型。静力模拟比较分析表明,该有限元模型能准确地模拟文献的结果。在此基础上,通过有限元动力分析,得到锤击下桩的应力场、位移场、速度场和加速度场。根据有限元计算结果,分析了直接动测法的有效性。直接动测法确定的承载力和静载法一致。该直接动测法消除了现有高应变法存在的多解性问题,故可以得到单桩承载力的客观性结果。     

沉积盆地碎屑岩地层孔隙度演化模型分析——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组为例

碎屑岩地层孔隙度演化特征的研究已经从定性分析向定量化方向发展,掌握了地层孔隙度在地史过程中的演化规律有助于深化油气成藏机理的认识。本文分别以鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区延长组8段砂岩和姬塬地区延长组7段泥岩为研究对象,以现今孔隙度特征为切入点,以地史时间为主线,分别建立了适用于砂岩孔隙度和泥岩孔隙度演化的数学模型。砂岩孔隙度演化模型是总体减孔效应和局部增孔效应数学模型的叠加,前者主要受机械压实和化学压实作用的影响,而后者以溶蚀作用为主。泥岩孔隙度是正常压实趋势下孔隙度演化模型与欠压实段孔隙度增量模型的叠加。     

金川镍矿尾矿砂中Ni和Cu赋存状态研究

金川镍矿浮选尾矿数量巨大,含有相当可观的有价金属,其中有价金属的回收受到越来越多的关注。金川老尾矿库尾矿砂中Ni和Cu赋存状态复杂,水溶性矿物态、可交换离子态、碳酸盐态、结晶度较差的Fe氧化物态、结晶度较好的Fe氧化物态、硫化物态和残渣态中都含有数量不等的有价金属Ni和Cu;尾矿砂风化作用释放的金属阳离子大多数在发生氧化的硫化物位置原位发生水解沉淀形成次生矿物,有价金属Ni和Cu在尾矿库中没有发生明显的富集。金川镍矿尾矿砂中Ni和Cu适于用化学酸溶浸出的方法进行二次回收。     

锚杆荷载-位移曲线的指数函数模型研究

利用现场抗拔试验测取锚杆荷载与锚杆位移的关系曲线(P-S曲线),确定锚杆的极限荷载标准值,必须进行破坏性试验。结合锚杆抗拔试验数据,开展锚杆P-S曲线的数学模型研究,探讨了双曲线模型和指数模型模拟锚杆P-S曲线的效果。结果表明,指数模型能较好地模拟锚杆P-S曲线,其对极限承载力的预测也符合实际。     

河北邯邢式铁矿尾矿地球化学特征

邯邢铁矿是中国重要的铁矿山之一,利用钻探方法对西石门铁矿后井尾矿56种元素进行地球化学评价,了解元素在尾矿库中的空间分布特征。研究表明,尾矿库中Fe、Cu、S、Co元素可进一步开采利用,局部可达到或超出原生矿的工业品位要求。后井尾矿中Fe、S、Cu、Co资源量分别是28.5×104t、4.5×104t、0.36×104t和0.2×104t,适合二次综合开发利用,同时研究中也探索了这些元素在尾矿沙中富集作用和富集机理及影响因素,旨在探索出一种利用地球化学评价尾矿的资源量勘查方法,加速实现中国尾矿资源化。     

钻孔灌注桩单桩承载力的可靠度研究

采用无量纲随机变量的极限状态方程,结合天津市钻孔灌注桩试桩资料进行可靠度分析。采用了JC法和Monte Carlo法两种方法进行可靠指标的计算,并对影响可靠指标的各种因素进行了分析。还计算了单桩承载力的抗力分项系数。     

Progress in Global Gas Hydrate Development and Production as a New Energy Resource

Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates.     

基于阶梯流量压水试验水位恢复的含水层参数计算

承压含水层阶梯流量井流公式与水位恢复井流公式可解决不同流量变动条件下含水层参数求解。针对野外压水试验中流量与水压难以控制且观测精度低, 但阶梯流量压水后水位恢复曲线易于准确观测的特点, 根据叠加原理, 从非稳定承压含水层阶梯流量井流基本公式中推导出阶梯流量水位恢复公式。根据现场阶梯流量压水试验资料进行了含水层参数计算, 验证了公式的可行性。      

抗滑桩极限阻力的有限元分析

应用平面应变有限元法分析了不同强度、应力状态下土体的单桩极限抗滑阻力,并与现有的极限阻力经验公式的计算结果进行了比较,论证了结果的合理性.对不同桩径及不同土体力学参数情况下的桩极限阻力进行了分析,研究了桩径及土体参数等因素对桩极限阻力的影响.为进一步利用该方法研究单桩极限抗滑阻力的计算公式提供了基础.     

深海硬岩连续取心钻头的研制

气举反循环技术是一种可用于深井硬岩地层的高效钻进技术,不受地层裂隙、溶洞影响,排渣彻底。通过研究专用的连续取心钻头,可实现深海硬岩的连续取心作业,提高深海硬岩钻井效率及取心率,为深海钻探提供一种全新的取心方案。本文从牙掌选型、卡断器结构、岩渣及岩心通道优化设计等方面进行研究,提出了连续取心钻头的设计方案,并试制加工钻头。在地热井中进行了验证性应用,灰岩地层、砂岩地层取心率可达80%以上,高于大洋钻探统计取心率。陆地验证性应用为该技术方法在海洋取心钻探中的应用奠定了技术基础。