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241.
Elevated wildfire activity in many regions in recent decades has increased concerns about the short- and long-term effects on water quantity, quality, and aquatic ecosystem health. Often, loss of canopy interception and transpiration, along with changes in soil structural properties, leads to elevated total annual water yields, peak flows, and low flows. Post-fire land management treatments are often used to promote forest regeneration and mitigate effects to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies have investigated the longer-term effects of either wildfire or post-fire land management on catchment hydrology. Our objectives were to quantify and compare the short- and longer-term effects of both wildfire and post-fire forest management treatments on annual discharge, peak flows, low flows, and evapotranspiration (AET). We analyzed ten years of pre-fire data, along with post-fire data from 1 to 7 and 35 to 41 years after wildfire burned three experimental catchments in the Entiat Experimental Forest (EEF) in the Pacific Northwest, USA. After the fire, two of the catchments were salvage logged, aerially seeded, and fertilized, while the third catchment remained as a burned reference. We observed increases in annual discharge (150–202%), peak flows (234–283%), and low flows (42–81%), along with decreases in AET (34–45%), across all three study catchments in the first seven year period after the EEF wildfire. Comparatively, annual discharge, peak flows, lows flows, and AET had returned to pre-fire levels 35–41 years after the EEF fire in the two salvage logged and seeded catchments. Surprisingly, in the catchment that was burned but not actively managed, the annual discharge and runoff ratios remained elevated, while AET remained lower, during the period 35–41 years after the EEF fire. We posit that differences in long-term hydrologic recovery across catchments were driven by delayed vegetation recovery in the unmanaged catchment. Our study demonstrates that post-fire land management decisions have the potential to produce meaningful differences in the long-term recovery of catchment-scale ecohydrologic processes and streamflow. 相似文献
242.
John W. Crowley Jerry X. Mitrovica Richard C. Bailey Mark E. Tamisiea James L. Davis 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(1):9-13
We combine satellite gravity data from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) and precipitation measurements
from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center’s (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation
(CMAP) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), over the period from mid-2002 to mid-2006, to investigate the relative
importance of sink (runoff and evaporation) and source (precipitation) terms in the hydrological balance of the Amazon Basin.
When linear and quadratic terms are removed, the time-series of land water storage variations estimated from GRACE exhibits
a dominant annual signal of 250 mm peak-to-peak, which is equivalent to a water volume change of ~1,800 km3. A comparison of this trend with accumulated (i.e., integrated) precipitation shows excellent agreement and no evidence of
basin saturation. The agreement indicates that the net runoff and evaporation contributes significantly less than precipitation
to the annual hydrological mass balance. Indeed, raw residuals between the de-trended water storage and precipitation anomalies
range from ±40 mm. This range is consistent with stream-flow measurements from the region, although the latter are characterized
by a stronger annual signal than our residuals, suggesting that runoff and evaporation may act to partially cancel each other. 相似文献
243.
Variations in the accuracy of gravity recovery due to ground track variability: GRACE,CHAMP, and GOCE 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
J. Klokočník C. A. Wagner J. Kostelecký A. Bezděk P. Novák D. McAdoo 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(12):917-927
Following an earlier recognition of degraded monthly geopotential recovery from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)
due to prolonged passage through a short repeat (low order resonant) orbit, we extend these insights also to CHAMP (CHAllenging
Minisatellite Payload) and GOCE (Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer). We show wide track-density variations
over time for these orbits in both latitude and longitude, and estimate that geopotential recovery will be as widely affected
as well within all these regimes, with lesser track density leading to poorer recoveries. We then use recent models of atmospheric
density to estimate the future orbit of GRACE and warn of degraded performance as other low order resonances are encountered
in GRACE’s free fall. Finally implications for the GOCE orbit are discussed. 相似文献
244.
245.
通过对国外大量试验数据的整理和分析,统计给出了钢筋混凝土柱极限变形角的概率特性;在假设结构层间极限变形角近似等于柱子极限菜角的基础上,结合文献[1]的研究结果,初步建立了被动耗能减振结构大震可靠度的分析方法。 相似文献
246.
In probabilistic terms, Bangladesh is prone, to at least one major 'tropical cyclone' every year. This situation is primarily due to the geographical location of Bangladesh in tropical Asia, and to its concave coastline and shallow continental shelf. The devastating impact of such cyclones on humans stems from a combination of intense human occupation of the area, predominance of traditional sociocultural values and religion, the precarious socioeconomic conditions of the majority of the coastal inhabitants, and the lack of a coordinated institutional disaster planning and management strategy. Bangladesh has experienced several catastrophic environmental disasters during the last decade; among these events, the 1991 April cyclone was the most catastrophic in terms of both physical and human dimensions.An initial study was carried out in the coastal regions of Bangladesh less than two weeks after they were hit by the severe cyclone of 29 April 1991. This research examined the process through which warning of the impending disastrous cyclone was received by the local communities and disseminated throughout the coastal regions of Bangladesh. It was found that the identification of the threatening condition due to atmospheric disturbance, the monitoring of the hazard event, and the dissemination of the cyclone warning were each very successful. The present study followed up on the initial research by surveying 267 respondents with an elaborate survey instrument, focusing on the most crucial academic and planning issues identified in the 1991 study. In particular, the nature and characteristics of the cyclone preparedness of the coastal inhabitants were assessed by the study; other factors considered included rural-urban variations, mainland-island differences, the nature and role of previous knowledge, and the disaster experience.The survey results show the variety of indigenous adjustment mechanisms that help to rehabilitate the survivors; also visible are the profound roles played by the social inequality variables and the magnitude of physical vulnerability in influencing the disaster loss and recovery process. The study recommends that hazard mitigation policies should be integrated with national economic development plans and programs. Specifically, it is suggested that the cyclone warning system should incorporate the human response to warnings as its constituent part, and in this way accommodating human dimensions in its operational design. 相似文献
247.
In the light of the rheological properties of crustal rocks and some features of earthquakes, a rheological model for fault
rocks is suggested in the paper and the possibility of applying the suggested model to the study of earthquake mechanism is
discussed. The results show that it is reasonable to take the suggested model as a physical simplification of fault rocks
and to apply it to the numerical calculation and simulation of 2-D problems.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 129–136, 1992. 相似文献
248.
作者根据Ag2S-PbS,Ag2S-PbS-Sb2S3及各体系相平衡资科以及內蒙白音诺等矿床中各种矿物共生组合中方铅矿的成分,论证了银的赋存状态及其与伴生元素锑、铋的关系。在含银及低温条件下,银在方铅矿中形成独立的银锑硫盐矿物,这有利于银的回收。在含铋低温条件下,银在方铅矿中不可避免地有相当一部分呈固溶体的状态分散在晶格中,它不利于银的回收。因此,只需研究银的赋存状态及矿石或方铅矿中伴生元素锑、铋含量及其比例,即可对铅精矿中银的存在形式及回收率作出初步的评价。 相似文献
249.
油气包裹体广泛应用于油气成藏研究,但油气包裹体能否继承母油荧光及地球化学特征等,尚缺乏直接的实验证据。本文在开放体系下用NaCl挥发结晶法对一轻质原油进行合成烃类包裹体实验,通过镜下观察和激光剥蚀色谱-质谱技术分析合成的烃包裹体和母油的荧光特征、成分特征及地化特征,研究两者的异同点。结果表明,在NaCl合成烃类包裹体中共发现三种相态的包裹体:纯液相烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气油水三相包裹体;共有绿黄色荧光、蓝色荧光两种不同颜色的荧光特征。相对于母油,合成包裹体的饱和烃和芳烃类化合物中的轻质组分含量较低,可以推测在母油被捕获成为包裹体的过程中,不同的化学成分存在差异性捕获。但合成包裹体的Pr/Ph等地化参数和不同系列化合物相对含量与母油相差不大,能很好地反映母油的沉积环境等地化特征。因此,包裹体成分信息可以应用于油源对比分析。 相似文献
250.