Shallow submarine volcano group in the early stage of island arc development: Geology and petrology of small islands south off Hahajima main island,the Ogasawara Islands

Small Islands south off Hahajima, the southernmost of the Ogasawara Archipelago, consist of primitive basalts (<12 wt.% MgO) to dacite erupted during the transitional stage immediately following boninite volcanism on the incipient arc to sustained typical oceanic arc. Strombolian to Hawaiian fissure eruptions occurring on independent volcanic centers for the individual islands under a shallow sea produced magnesian basalt to dacite fall-out tephras, hyaloclastite and a small volume of pillow lava, which were intruded by NE-trending dikes. These volcanic strata are correlated to the upper part (<40 Ma) of the Hahajima main island. Volcanic rock samples have slightly lower FeO^*/MgO ratios than the present volcanic front lavas, and are divided into three types with high, medium and low La/Yb ratios. Basalt to dacite of high- and medium-La/Yb types show both tholeiitic (TH) and calc-alkaline (CA) differentiation trends. Low-La/Yb type belongs only to TH basalt. The multiple magma types are coexistence on the each island. TH basalts have phenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase, while CA basalts are free from plagioclase phenocrysts.     

A Plinian treatment of fallout from Hawaiian lava fountains

A new model is presented which simulates the dispersal and deposition of material from a Hawaiian eruption column. The model treats the Hawaiian column as a coarse-grained Plinian column and uses a modified version of the Wilson and Walker [Wilson, L., Walker, G.P.L., 1987. Explosive volcanic eruptions: VI. Ejecta dispersal in Plinian eruptions: the control of eruption conditions and atmospheric properties. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 89, 657–679.] Plinian pyroclast dispersal model to simulate the fall out of material during a Hawaiian eruption. The model results are found to be in good agreement with independent estimates of various parameters made for the 1959 Kilauea Iki eruption of Kilauea volcano. The close agreement between the model results and these independent estimates shows that, dynamically, Hawaiian eruptions are indistinguishable from Plinian eruptions. The major differences in the styles and deposits of these two types of eruptions are accounted for by differences in the mass fluxes and gas contents of the erupting magmas and, most fundamentally, by differences in the grainsize distribution of the erupted clasts. Plume heights predicted by the model are greater than those found for previous models of Hawaiian eruptions. This is because previous models did not allow for the progressive fall out of particles from the plume and, more importantly, made no correction for the velocity disequilibrium between gas and clasts when the grainsize distribution is coarse.     

山东莱芜矿山矿田铁矿产出构造类型、矿体型式及大-大中型矿床赋存规律

山东莱芜接触交代-热液铁矿产于中生代构造盆地周边的中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩与燕山晚期闪长岩接触带及其附近岩石中。矿山矿田的铁矿床可分为4种形态类型、6种构造类型和多种矿体型式。铁矿赋存规律研究表明,大-大中型矿床往往具有复杂和较复杂的矿体形态、单式褶皱背斜和复式褶皱背(向)斜的矿床构造类型,有利的围岩层位为马家沟组五阳山段、阁庄段和八陡段碳酸盐岩,同时矿床有比较大的埋藏深度(多为-200~-600 m),弧形隆起的南、北端和两侧的凸(凹)弯曲部位均为形成大-大中型铁矿床的有利部位。     

挤压断裂构造样式地震解释

挤压构造的动力学为板块与板块碰撞形成造山带,在造山带一侧或造山带内部形成挤压型盆地,这些盆地在挤压应力作用下,形成叠瓦逆冲、复合逆冲、多层次滑脱逆冲、多产状逆冲断裂构造组合。文中对与挤压逆冲有关的褶皱构造样式——断弯、断展、断滑褶皱构造进行了描述,指出在加强非背斜构造样式勘探的同时,也应加强背斜构造样式的勘探。油气资料显示80%～90%的油气生产来自背斜构造样式的油气田,面积大、幅度高的挤压构造是形成大、中型油气藏的地质条件。     

Was the lethal eruption of Lake Nyos related to a double CO2/H2O density inversion?

The 1986 lethal eruption of Lake Nyos (Cameroon) was caused by a sudden inversion between deep, CO₂-loaded bottom lake waters and denser, gas-free surface waters. A deep CO₂ source has been found in fluid inclusions which occur predominantly in clinopyroxenes from lherzolitic mantle xenoliths, brought to the surface by the last erupted alkali basalts. P–T conditions of CO₂ trapping correspond to a gas density equal (or higher) than that of liquid water. It is suggested that this dense CO₂, found in many ultrabasic mantle xenoliths worldwide, has accumulated at km depth, below a column of descending lake water. It may remain in a stable state for a long period, as long as the temperature is above the density inversion temperature for pure H₂O/CO₂ systems. At an estimated depth of about 3 km, cooling by descending waters (to about 30 °C) induces a density inversion for the upper part of the CO₂ reservoir. This causes a constant, regular upstream of low-density CO₂ which, in its turn, feeds the shallower lake density inversion.     

长白山天池火山双岩浆房岩浆作用与互动式喷发

广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。长白山各个火山区的火山活动具有此起彼伏的穿时性特征,天池火山之下地壳和地幔两个岩浆房具有上下呼应、互动式喷发之特点。一方面来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆直接喷出地表,在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥;另一方面钾质粗面玄武岩浆持续补给地壳岩浆房,发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,形成双峰式火山岩特征并触发千年大喷发。西太平洋板块俯冲-东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山天池火山喷发的动力学机制。