藏东南高山区沿河公路路基水毁防护工程对策--以川藏公路中坝段为例

藏东南山高坡陡、水流湍急、河床粗砾多,公路水毁现象十分严重。针对水毁这一问题,本文提出在高山区沿河公路路基防护工程中,采用浆砌片石护墙(以预制混凝土板或巨砾锚固为基础) 沉箱式或巨砾锚固式护坦的设计方案,对解决高山区沿河公路路基防护工程中基础处理的关键问题作出了有益的探索。     

城市规划中文化因素刍议

不同地区甚至同一地区的不同城市间都存在着风格差异。这种风格差异正是其不同文化底蕴和地域文化内质的外在表现。文中论述了城市规划与地域文化的关系,城市规划中的反文化现象,以及体现城市规划文化特色的形式和领域等问题,并指出,只有在城市规划时注重城市的规划建设风格与城市所在地的自然条件及其历史文化传统的完美结合,解决好规划时的创新与继承,融旧与合新,才能够使城市各具特色,越建越美。     

The 2014 volcanic eruption in Fogo and the reterritorialization process: from risk to geographic resilience

The population of Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, shows a peculiar relationship with the living territory, given that the eminence of volcanic risk is a reality they face every day. The 1951 and 1995 eruptions were particularly scarring in this insular geography, leaving in several generations of Cape Verdeans, the mark of a creation‐destruction‐restart cycle, as well as an attitude of symbiosis with nature. This article is intended to present and discuss results from a scientific research paper based on a study conducted on Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, in February 2016, where researchers sought to understand the local population's response to the last volcanic eruption (from November 2014 to February 2015), in a logic of deterritorialization‐reterritorialization, namely in terms of community and territorial resilience. The analysis method was based on direct observation, with record of the views in a field journal, as well as the biographic narratives of all those who were affected, through questionnaires and interviews.     

Explosive volcanic eruptions - VI. Ejecta dispersal in plinian eruptions: the control of eruption conditions and atmospheric properties

Summary. A simple model is developed to relate the maximum down-wind and cross-wind ranges of pyroclasts forming a plinian airfall deposit to the dynamic processes in the eruption cloud from which they fall and the atmospheric wind conditions in the area. The eruption cloud dynamics are in turn related to the eruptive conditions in the vent (vent radius, exsolved magmatic volatile weight fraction, velocity with which material passes through the vent, and mass eruption rate), some or all of which can be deduced if the appropriate field measurements can be made. Some aspects of the stability of convecting volcanic eruption clouds are investigated, and the effects on eruption cloud height of the local atmospheric temperature profile and the value adopted for the entrainment constant (which relates the horizontal flow speed of atmospheric air entering the column to the vertical rise speed of the column material) are explored. It is confirmed that eruption-cloud rise height and pyroclast dispersal are mainly controlled by the mass eruption rate (per unit length of active fissure in the case of linear vents) and, hence, the heat input rate to the cloud; but a significant subsidiary dependence on the amount of exsolved magma volatiles is also found. The eruption cloud model is validated by application to observed historic eruptions, and its use in the analysis of palaeo-eruptions is discussed.     

长白山天池火山公元1014-1019年大喷发的历史记录

长白山火山是世界著名的火山之一，是我国规模最大、最具有潜在喷发危险的一座近代活动火山。目前，国内外许多火山学者为了研究长白山火山最近一次大喷发年代问题，做了大量工作，并取得了一些年代资料，但一直未取得有关这次大喷发历史记载的证实。笔者等通过再次收集和查阅了大量文史古籍资料，通过整理、筛选、考证、对比和分析处理，首次发现了长白山（白头山）火山，于公元1014～1019年间一次大喷发的历史记载。这对于研究长白山火山喷发历史具有重要的意义。     

陆上、水下喷发成因火山岩储层发育特征和成藏控制因素对比分析

火山岩油气藏的研究一般以陆上喷发沉积的火山岩体为主,事实上全世界四分之三的火山活动是在水下发生的,只是水下喷发沉积的火山岩在各个方面的研究还比较少,在勘探中尚未引起注意。本文以三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩油藏为例,对比分析了陆上与水下喷发沉积形成的火山岩在岩性、颜色、结构构造以及储集空间特征和地震反射特征等方面的差异,指出了三塘湖盆地石炭系哈尔加乌组火山岩为水下喷发环境形成。通过对研究区两种类型的火山岩油藏系统的研究,总结出了水下喷发沉积的火山岩储层的形成机理以及其形成规模油气藏的条件,为今后的火山岩油气藏的勘探指出了新的方向。     

湘南地区"蓝山式"氧化铁锰矿床成矿机理探讨

在总结氧化铁锰矿特点的基础上,通过"蓝山式"氧化铁锰矿形成条件(基底构造、沉积盆地、矿源层、自然地理条件和新构造改造等)的分析,探讨了"蓝山式"氧化铁锰矿的成矿机理.     

大板金矿“港湾成矿”模式探讨

自 8 0年代末 ,辽宁西部排山楼金矿发现以来 ,对于同韧性剪切带型金矿床的赋存规律一直引起广大地质工作者的重视。通过对大板、老虎沟、樱桃沟等金矿的初步研究表明 ,采用微观和宏观相互结合、相互映衬的指导思想 ,针对韧性剪切带动力机制进行思考 ,认为闾山造山带中北北东向和东西向两个方向的剪切带为一期韧性剪切构造作用的产物 ,形成时间为印支末期—燕山早期 ,其区域构造样式为共轭式韧性剪切带 ,呈网结状。含金矿液的沉淀作用一般发生于韧性剪切带的网结点处附近 ,较大型的金矿床应赋存于韧性剪切带中刚性体周围 ,尤其是首尾等“港湾”处 ,即“港湾成矿”。     

石棉田湾地区的石英角斑岩及其地质意义

出露于石棉田湾乡杜河坝-菩萨岗一带的石英角斑岩，以前被认为是侵入的花岗岩，其所在地层组为苏雄组，经研究，该岩石与围岩为沉积接触关系而非侵入接触关系，具变余斑状结构和变余流纹构造，该石英角斑岩成因的确定，为所赋存的地层组更名为观音崖组提供了重要依据。     

Origin, characteristics, and behaviour of lahars following the 1990 eruption of Kelud volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

 In contrast to most twentieth-century eruptions of Kelud volcano (eastern Java), the 10 February 1990 plinian eruption was not accompanied by lake-outburst lahars. However, at least 33 post-eruption lahars occurred between 15 February and 28 March 1990. They swept down 11 drainage systems and travelled as far as 24 km at an estimated mean peak velocity in the range of 4–11 m s^–1. The deposits (volume ≥30 000 000 m³) were approximately 7 m thick 2 km from vent, and 3 m thick 10 km from vent, on the volcaniclastic apron surrounding the volcano. Subtle but significant sedimentological differences in the deposits relate to four flow types: (a) Early, massive deposits are coarse, poorly sorted, slightly cohesive, and commonly inversely graded. They are inferred to record hot lahars that incorporated pumice and scoria from pyroclastic-flow deposits, probably by rapid remobilization of hot proximal pyroclastic flow deposits by rainfall runoff. Sedimentary features, such as clasts subparallel to bedding and thick, reversely to ungraded beds, suggest that these flows were laminar. (b) Abundant, very poorly sorted deposits include non-cohesive, clast-supported, inversely graded beds and ungraded, finer-grained, and cohesive matrix-supported beds. These beds display layering and vertical segregation/density stratification, suggesting unsteady properties of pulsing debris flows. They are interpreted as deposited from segments of flow waves at a middle distance downstream that incorporated pre-eruption sediments. Sedimentological evidence suggests unsteady flow properties during progressive aggradation. (c) Fine-grained, poorly sorted and ungraded deposits are interpreted as recording late hyperconcentrated streamflows that formed in the waning stage of an overflow and transformed downcurrent into streamflows. (d) Ungraded, crudely stratified deposits were emplaced by flows transitional between hyperconcentrated flows and streamflows that traveled farther downvalley (as far as 27 km from the vent). At Kelud, the transformation of flow and behavior occurs within only 10 km of the source, at the apex of the alluvial fans. The rapid change of flow behavior is attributed to the low fines content and to the unsteady flow regime, which may be due to: (a) the rapid deposition of bedload, owing to the break in channel gradient close to the vent and to changes in channel cross-section and roughness; and (b) the very low silt+clay content in the non-cohesive deposits. These deposits mix with water to produce streamflows. Received: 27 June 1997 / Accepted: 5 January 1998