Glacial-Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 Change—The Glacial Burial Hypothesis

Organic carbon buried under the great ice sheets of the Northern Hemisphere is suggested to be the missing link in the atmospheric CO2 change over the glacial-interglacial cycles. At glaciation, the advancement of continental ice sheets buries vegetation and soil carbon accumulated during warmer pe-riods. At deglaciation, this burial carbon is released back into the atmosphere. In a simulation over two glacial-interglacial cycles using a synchronously coupled atmosphere-land-ocean carbon model forced by reconstructed climate change, it is found that there is a 547-Gt terrestrial carbon release from glacial maximum to interglacial, resulting in a 60-Gt (about 30-ppmv) increase in the atmospheric CO2, with the remainder absorbed by the ocean in a scenario in which ocean acts as a passive buffer. This is in contrast to previous estimates of a land uptake at deglaciation. This carbon source originates from glacial burial,continental shelf, and other land areas in response to changes in ice cover, sea level, and climate. The input of light isotope enriched terrestrial carbon causes atmospheric δ^13C to drop by about 0.3‰ at deglaciation,followed by a rapid rise towards a high interglacial value in response to oceanic warming and regrowth on land. Together with other ocean based mechanisms such as change in ocean temperature, the glacial burial hypothesis may offer a full explanation of the observed 80-100-ppmv atmospheric CO2 change.     

异常形变检测方法探讨

在讨讼以往方法的基础上,将拟准检定法拓展用于发现异常形变。该方法直接以真误差为研究对象,避免了其他方法以最二乘残差及其函数为研究对象的缺点。最后通过一个算例,简单介绍了拟准检定法检测异常形变的实施过程。     

行星反照率的取值和假设的讨论

首先分析了Wang的有关行星反照率假设的错误之处,而后分别对Budyko、North的行星反照率假设提出修改方案,最后提出了有关行星反照率的非线性分段、反馈假设:     

Compositional Data Analysis of Geological Variability and Process: A Case Study

Developments in the statistical analysis of compositional data over the last two decades have made possible a much deeper exploration of the nature of variability and the possible processes associated with compositional data sets from many disciplines. In this paper, we concentrate on geochemical data. First, we explain how hypotheses of compositional variability may be formulated within the natural sample space, the unit simplex, including useful hypotheses of sub-compositional discrimination and specific perturbational change. Then we develop through standard methodology, such as generalised likelihood ratio tests, statistical tools to allow the systematic investigation of a lattice of such hypotheses. Some of these tests are simple adaptations of existing multivariate tests but others require special construction. We comment on the use of graphical methods in compositional data analysis and on the ordination of specimens. The recent development of the concept of compositional processes is then explained, together with the necessary tools for a staying-in-the-simplex approach, such as the singular value decomposition of a compositional data set. All these statistical techniques are illustrated for a substantial compositional data set, consisting of 209 major oxide and trace element compositions of metamorphosed limestones from the Grampian Highlands of Scotland. Finally, we discuss some unresolved problems in the statistical analysis of compositional processes.     

雷电起源新探

本文提出了一种新的雷电起源理论，认为植物的光合作用和地面的光电效应对雷电的形成具有决定作用。该假说不仅与闪电过程的电现象相吻合，而且还较好地解释了许多已被观测到的闪电事实。     

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水热条件共同驱动新疆湿地植物丰富度空间分布格局

在地理空间尺度上,气候因素（如热量、降水量等）一直被认为是物种多样性的主要驱动因素。然而,气候因素能否解释湿地植物多样性格局仍不清楚。研究探讨了环境因素尤其水分和热量条件对湿地物种分布的影响,具体包括经度、纬度、海拔、年平均降水量、年平均气温、年平均蒸发量和年平均日照时数总计7个指标,研究对象涉及新疆3个二级流域的26处湿地公园,应用结构方程模型分析了各指标对湿地植物丰富度影响的相对大小及其相互作用关系。另外,还利用莫兰指数（Moran’s I）对各变量残差进行了空间相关性分析,以评估空间相关性的影响。结果表明：（1）结构方程模型总计解释了41.8%的物种丰富度变异,以年平均降水量对物种丰富度总效应最高,为0.47,其次是年平均日照时数,为-0.42,其中年平均降水量为正效应,年平均日照时数为负效应。其他各指标对物种丰富度的效应均不显著。（2）年平均降水量对植物丰富度的影响主要表现为直接效应,占总效应的92.86%,年平均日照时数对植物丰富度的影响主要是间接效应,占总效应的54.76%。（3）空间相关性分析表明年平均降水量和年平均日照时数的残差均不存在空间相关性,莫兰指数在-0.15～...     

风沙起动形式与起动假说

风沙颗粒起动是风沙物理学与沙尘释放研究的重要内容,但是,这一领域的研究很不成熟。本文根据国内外目前的主要研究成果,讨论了风沙起动的形式,将风沙起动理论归纳为风压起动说、升力起动说、冲击起动说、压差起动说、振动起动说、斜面飞升说、猝发起动说、湍流起动说、负压起动说和涡旋起动说等10种假说。进一步将风沙起动假说归纳为以接触力为主的起动学说和以非接触力(气力)为主的起动说两大类。最后认为,风沙起动的影响因素是复杂的,各种学说都有其合理的成分,反映了真理的某个侧面,但试图仅仅靠某一种学说或某一种力来解释风沙的起动是不够完善的。风沙起动过程同时受多种力的作用,只是这些力所起的作用各异,在分析时要分清主次。再者,同一种力在不同性质(如不同密度、粒径和形状等)沙粒的起动过程中所起的作用也可能是不同的,在研究中还需要具体问题具体分析。风沙起动机制尚需全面、深入和科学的研究。     

三重复式软岩取心钻具

首先对被研究对象－冲击矛及土体作出若干假设，并在此基础上建立力学模型，然后找出研究对象的所有受力并对它们进行分析、简化，最后从运动学角度对可控冲击矛偏转机理进行了分析。     

一种基于沉积模式的多点地质统计学建模方法

地下储层分布是位置的函数,不同位置处的沉积模式具有差异性。在储层预测时,除了挖掘已有资料所提供的结构和统计信息外,还应该引入待估点位置的信息,以反映沉积储层模式随位置变化的非平稳特征。提出了一种基于沉积模式的多点地质统计学方法,通过距离函数将储层特征与沉积位置相关联,采用整体替换、结构化随机路径以及多重网格策略再现沉积模式。基于现代鄱阳湖沉积所建立的合成非平稳性三角洲前缘沉积地层建模表明,新设计的方法较传统的建模方法更好地反映了三角洲相沉积地层非平稳沉积模式,新设计方法有更好的地质适用性。研究丰富了储层三维建模理论和方法,为实际油藏建模提供了新手段。