GNSS接收机自主完备性监测高级算法的有效性验证

针对RAIM的高级算法———ARAIM,使之应用于对GNSS完备性和生命安全要求更高的领域,基于GNSS实测数据对ARAIM算法下的垂直保护水平、精度、有效监测阈值、连续性风险进行了研究,并对ARA-IM算法下GNSS的可用性进行了评估。结果表明,相对于GPS系统而言,GPS/GLONASS系统下的垂直保护水平、精度、有效监测阈值、连续性风险及可用性完全满足LPV-200阶段的导航性能要求,验证了ARAIM算法在预测垂直保护水平、精度、有效监测阈值、连续性风险方面的有效性。     

异常形变检测方法探讨

在讨论以往方法的基础上,将拟准检定法拓展用于发现异常形变。该方法直接以真误差为研究对象,避免了其他方法以最小二乘残差及其函数为研究对象的缺点。最后通过一个算例,简单介绍了拟准检定法检测异常形变的实施过程。     

Pyramids and ceremonial centers in mesoamerica: Were they oriented using a magnetic compass?

Fuson (1969), see also Carlson (1975), claims that Olmécs and Maya knew and used a (lodestone) compass for the orientation of pyramids, ceremonial and other important buildings, thousand years before Chinese. This hypothesis is tested here with the aid of the new data, namely by comparison of paleomagnetic declinations for that time and area (Korte and Bőhnel, 2005), with orientation data of buildings based also on our measurements at many archaeological localities of México, Guatemala, and in Copán in Honduras by GPS and with a precise compass. After eliminating known astronomical and calendar orientation of some structures, we have found that there is majority of structures with an orientation that clearly deviates from geographic north (pole of rotation of the Earth). When trying to explain this, we can rule out pure chance, local topography, aesthetic, meteorological or defense reasons. Thus, the Fuson hypothesis can still explain the observed site layout and building orientations. But more accurate and extensive information mainly from paleomagnetism and archaeology is needed to reject or accept the hypothesis. A proof of knowledge of a compass in Mesoamerica prior to Chinese would be important for our understanding history of the ancient world. jklokocn@asu.cas.cz kost@fsv.cvut.cz ttc.praha@iol.cz     

一种基于沉积模式的多点地质统计学建模方法

地下储层分布是位置的函数,不同位置处的沉积模式具有差异性。在储层预测时,除了挖掘已有资料所提供的结构和统计信息外,还应该引入待估点位置的信息,以反映沉积储层模式随位置变化的非平稳特征。提出了一种基于沉积模式的多点地质统计学方法,通过距离函数将储层特征与沉积位置相关联,采用整体替换、结构化随机路径以及多重网格策略再现沉积模式。基于现代鄱阳湖沉积所建立的合成非平稳性三角洲前缘沉积地层建模表明,新设计的方法较传统的建模方法更好地反映了三角洲相沉积地层非平稳沉积模式,新设计方法有更好的地质适用性。研究丰富了储层三维建模理论和方法,为实际油藏建模提供了新手段。     

Compositional Data Analysis of Geological Variability and Process: A Case Study

Developments in the statistical analysis of compositional data over the last two decades have made possible a much deeper exploration of the nature of variability and the possible processes associated with compositional data sets from many disciplines. In this paper, we concentrate on geochemical data. First, we explain how hypotheses of compositional variability may be formulated within the natural sample space, the unit simplex, including useful hypotheses of sub-compositional discrimination and specific perturbational change. Then we develop through standard methodology, such as generalised likelihood ratio tests, statistical tools to allow the systematic investigation of a lattice of such hypotheses. Some of these tests are simple adaptations of existing multivariate tests but others require special construction. We comment on the use of graphical methods in compositional data analysis and on the ordination of specimens. The recent development of the concept of compositional processes is then explained, together with the necessary tools for a staying-in-the-simplex approach, such as the singular value decomposition of a compositional data set. All these statistical techniques are illustrated for a substantial compositional data set, consisting of 209 major oxide and trace element compositions of metamorphosed limestones from the Grampian Highlands of Scotland. Finally, we discuss some unresolved problems in the statistical analysis of compositional processes.     

动态海面上方船舶六自由度运动仿真

在Fudide-Krylov假设条件下,依据船舶分离建模理论在固定和运动坐标系中计算海面船只六自由度运动数学模型。主要包括:对风、浪、流的单独建模并进行矢量叠加,并在风浪流联合作用下对船舶六自由度运动构建简化的数学建模,完成实时仿真。基于Simulink和V-Realm Builder虚拟现实技术创建船舶运动模型、海洋表面环境及船只的几何模型,对船舶六自由度运动进行视景仿真,给出了有风无浪、有浪无风和风浪兼有三种情况下船只旋回路径和船舶运动轨迹。在VR视景浏览器中创建动态海面上船舶六自由度运动模型,不仅易于实现且结果逼真。得到的结果为进一步研究动态船只目标声散射特性的精确预报提供基础。     

Mixing and transport near the shallow-crested Rumble III seamount and the implications for plankton distribution

Vessel-based observations of water column structure and flow near a shallow-crested seamount are used to quantify the physical disturbance induced by that seamount. The implications of this disturbance on the ‘feeding hole’ hypothesis are then examined based on data from moored thermistors and acoustic current profilers, as well as vessel-based acoustic sounding-derived biomass estimates, currents, and conductivity-temperature-depth profiles from a 55 km square grid of stations around the crest. Mean currents in the region of 0.2 m s^?1 are comparable to observations from surface drifters whereas the semidiurnal tidal flow amplitude was one third of this. Thorpe Scale-based estimates of energy dissipation rate were in the range 10^?9 to 2.10^?8 W kg^?1 and vertical diffusivities K_z were in the range 10^?4 to 10^?3 m² s^?1. Turbulence levels were higher upstream of the seamount–likely due to the influence of nearby seamounts Rumble IV and V. There was no evidence of a Taylor Cap in the Rumble III velocity field. The sounder data provide some evidence of a feeding hole and analysis based on diffusivities suggests that this might persist downstream of the seamount for as much as 7 days.     

Bottom-up and top-down controls of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) on the Eastern Bering Sea shelf

Control of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) recruitment in the Eastern Bering Sea involves complex interactions between bottom-up and top-down processes, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. We used statistical models to test the leading hypotheses linking recruitment variability to biotic and abiotic factors. Consistent with a “cold-pool hypothesis”, recruitment of pollock was significantly stronger if winters preceding the larval (age-0) and juvenile stages (age-1) were mild. However, our results did not support the proposed top-down mechanism (cannibalism) underlying this hypothesis. Several empirical relationships support an “oscillating control hypothesis”. As predicted by it, the effect of ice conditions on survival during the larval and early juvenile stages was modified by the abundance of adult pollock, implying stronger bottom-up control when adult abundance (hence cannibalism) was low. The proposed bottom-up mechanism predicts that the survival of pelagic-feeding walleye pollock (benthic-feeding yellowfin sole), should be higher during years with an early (late) ice retreat, which was confirmed by our analysis. Our results also provide additional evidence for a “larval transport hypothesis”, which states that cannibalism of larval and juvenile pollock is reduced in years when strong northward advection separates juveniles from cannibalistic adults.In addition to testing existing hypotheses, we identified new relationships between spawner-to-recruit survival rates of walleye pollock and several indicators of mixed layer dynamics during the spring and summer. Survival rates and recruitment were significantly reduced when larval or early juvenile stages experienced a delay in the (non-ice-associated) spring bloom as a result of stormy spring conditions, suggesting that the timing of the spring bloom is critical to both first-feeding larvae and age-1 juveniles. Furthermore, a dome-shaped relationship between pollock survival and summer wind mixing at the early juvenile stage is consistent with modeling and laboratory studies showing an increase in survival at low to moderate levels of wind mixing, but a decrease in feeding success at high levels of wind mixing.Top-down controls also regulate recruitment of walleye pollock. At least one-third of the variability in spawner-to-recruit survival could be accounted for by predation mortality at the early juvenile stage (age-1). Predation of juvenile pollock can be attributed largely to cannibalism, which varies with the abundance of adult pollock and with the availability of juveniles to adult predators. A simple index reflecting the spatial overlap between juvenile and adult pollock explained 30–50% of the overall variability in recruitment, similar to the variability explained by the best environmental predictors. Although environmental effects are difficult to separate from the effects of predation, we conclude that bottom-up and top-down processes are equally important in controlling the survival of pollock from spawning to recruitment at age 2. However, the magnitude of top-down control is itself modified by environmental factors that control the availability of juvenile pollock to adults (through impacts on spatial distribution) and the abundance of adult predators (through effects on productivity and carrying capacity).     

基于广义位势理论的类剑桥模型

广义位势理论直接从数学原理出发建立本构模型,避开了传统塑性理论中塑性势函数等复杂概念,为研究岩土本构模型提供了新的思路。基于广义位势理论中土的应力空间多重势面模型,对剑桥模型“能量方程假设”的数学原理进行分析,从数学角度上建立了一个改进的剑桥模型（即类剑桥模型）,而修正剑桥模型等可作为其特例。利用不同应力路径下的试验数据对其合理性进行验证,并与剑桥模型进行对比分析。结果表明：类剑桥模型的参数确定方便、自由,计算结果与试验较一致,甚至优于修正剑桥模型;类剑桥模型所采用的数学原理更明确,且避免了确定塑性势函数和能量方程的困难及其所带来的误差,是一个具有较好实用价值的模型。     

冰封河道综合糙率计算方法比较与分析

综合糙率是冰封河道水力计算的重要输入参数。根据水流连续性和力的平衡原理,分别推导得到冰封河道综合糙率的通用公式,并选取抛物线形、矩形和梯形作为典型断面,系统地总结Pavlovskiy、Einstein、Lotter、Sabaneev、Larsen、改进的Larsen等常见公式由通用公式基于何种假定（分区的湿周、流速或水力半径相等）简化得到。采用水槽实测数据和野外观测资料,对比上述公式的计算精度,结果表明改进的Larsen公式的计算结果与实测值吻合较好,推荐在工程设计中使用。前5种公式误差较大的原因在于分区的流速、水力半径相等对于冰封河道不具有普适性,尤其是Lotter公式和Pavlovskiy公式在冰盖和河床糙率差异较大时会明显低估冰封河道的综合糙率,在工程设计中应慎重采用。