吸力式沉箱底部土体循环特性及其等效循环蠕变模型研究

吸力式沉箱基础作为张力腿平台(TLP)的锚固基础,其底部土体不仅存在轴向卸荷作用,而且还存在循环荷载作用。现有研究很少涉及在卸荷条件下进行的软黏土循环累积变形研究。因此,通过循环三轴试验研究了轴向卸荷条件下软黏土的应变累积变形及应变软化特性。试验结果表明:在低静偏应力以及动偏应力条件下,土体应变累积及软化程度较低;随着动偏应力增加,循环累积变形逐渐变大且前期发展较快后期趋于稳定,同时应变软化程度逐渐增大;土体循环累积变形随动偏应力提高而增大,其循环累积应变曲线呈衰减-稳定的蠕变特性。在试验基础上,提出与静偏应力和动偏应力有关的软化系数公式。构建了考虑软化系数与静偏应力、动偏应力等条件下软黏土等效循环蠕变模型。将该模型推广至三维,并开发了有限元子程序。建立了循环荷载作用下吸力式沉箱基础循环抗拔承载力有限元分析法,将其用于吸力式沉箱基础循环累积变形分析中,并与沉箱模型循环试验结果进行了对比验证。     

酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀加固遗址土动力特性试验研究

中国西北地区地震频发,土遗址长期受到地震活动的不利影响。为了研究酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术（EICP）加固遗址土的动力特性,对1.55、1.65、1.75 g/cm³这3种初始干密度的遗址土进行EICP处理,并设置未经EICP处理的对照组。开展了不同围压、振动频率下的动三轴试验。结果表明：在相同动应力作用下,相比对照组,试验组的动应变更小,耗散的能量更少,阻尼比更小;在EICP加固后,随着干密度、围压、振动频率增大,可以降低动应变的产生,但这种效果依次减弱。动本构关系符合Hardin模型,干密度、围压、振动频率对模型参数a（动弹性模量）的影响程度逐渐减小;微观分析发现,EICP加固后,碳酸钙沉淀在土颗粒表面附着,填充孔隙,并与土颗粒相互胶结成致密结构,土体结构强度增强。     

基于等价方差-协方差的粗差探测敏感度分析及实现

选权迭代法在面对独立观测量中的粗差时能够表现出良好的探测效果,但由于其只是一种基于独立观测值的稳健估计法,没有考虑到观测值之间的相关性[1]。而现有的等价权函数虽然都满足稳健估计的要求,但由于所构造的等价权阵不对称,使得最后平差结果严重偏离实际情况。本文介绍在传统稳健估计的基础上,在定权时充分考虑相关观测值之间相关性的不变性,构造对称的方差—协方差阵不断扩大,并通过VB进行编程及实例分析,发现该方法对粗差的敏感度非常强,探测精度很高。     

经典平差函数模型的概括形式分析

对经典平差函数模型的两种概括形式进行回顾和总结,基于零空间投影算子导出经典平差函数模型的第三种概括形式-等价条件平差模型,教授学生理解该概括形式平差模型的作用及特点。提出在本科教学实践中以不同的平差模型概括形式开展课堂讨论,有利于启发学生对平差模型内在联系的自觉发现。     

Remote sensing of mountain snow using active microwave sensors: a review

This work provides an overview of various methods for estimating snow cover and properties in high mountains using remote sensing techniques involving microwaves. Satellite-based remote sensing with its characteristics such as synoptic view, repetitive coverage and uniformity over large areas has great potential for identifying the temporal snow cover. Many sensors have been used in the past with various algorithms and accuracies for this purpose. These methods have been improving with the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors, working in different microwave frequencies, polarisation and acquisition modes. The limitations, advantages and drawbacks are illustrated while error sources and strategies on how to ease their impacts are also reviewed. An extensive list of references, with an emphasis on studies since 1990s, allows the reader to delve into specific topics.     

等价观测理论的可变参数序贯平差模型

针对序贯平差中常遇到的未知参数增减的问题,文章提出了基于等价观测理论的可变参数序贯平差模型,并进一步得出其对应的验后单位权中误差模型,其公式形式要比传统模型简单得多,非常便于计算机编程实现;采用卫星高度角模型作为单点定位验前随机模型,较好地减少了卫星观测值的随机误差。最后采用等价模型和传统模型分别对GPS/GLONASS静态单点定位不同的伪距观测值组合进行解算,实验结果表明:所提出模型的定位解算结果与传统模型完全一致,且其精度与传统模型相当,具有较强的实用性。     

Thermal Bioclimate and Climate Tourism Analysis for Odessa,Black Sea

Climate is a main component of nature that, in addition to being a valuable resource, determines the possibility of development of tourism. Apparently, climate and its characteristics determine touristic demand. Choosing a place for vacation or recreation, tourists primarily prefer an optimal climate and weather conditions. Human‐biometeorological resources characterize the connection of climate with a thermal state and health of humans, peculiarities of recreation and health evaluation of the environment. In order to distinguish thermal bioclimate, the physiologically equivalent temperature is used, based on the various meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiation) that reflect the human conditions and the thermal comfort perception. In addition for the analysis of the climatic tourism potential, the Climate‐Transfer/Tourism‐Information Scheme was applied. The results can be useful for tourists in order to determine the best time to take a vacation based on their recreational activity such as sports, medical, health (thalassotherapy, heliotherapy, balneology etc.) according to bioclimatic conditions and their own preferences.     

A method used to determine the upper thermal boundary of subgrade based on boundary layer theory

In the numerical simulation of long-term subgrade temperature fields, the daily variation of soil temperature at a certain depth h is negligible. Such phenomenon is called the "boundary layer theory."Depth h is defined as the boundary layerthickness and the soil temperature at h is approximately equal to a temperature increment plus the average atmosphere temperature. In the past, the boundary layer thickness and temperature increment were usually extracted from monitored data in the field. In this paper, a method is proposed to determinate the boundary layer thickness and temperature increment. Based on the typical designs of highway or railway, the theoretical solution of boundary layer thickness is inferred and listed. Further, the empirical equation and design chart for determining the temperature increment are given in which the following factors are addressed, including solar radiation, equivalent thermal diffusivity and convective heat-transfer coefficient. Using these equations or design charts, the boundary layer thickness and temperature increment can be easily determined and used in the simulation of long-term subgrade temperature fields. Finally, an example is conducted and used to verify the method. The result shows that the proposed method for determining the upper thermal boundary of subgrade is accurate and practical.     

GNSS基线向量与点位协方差传播方法的等价性

在GNSS控制网平差和点位测量中,需将GNSS基线向量协方差和点位协方差在不同坐标系间进行传播。推导了GNSS基线向量协方差从高斯平面直角坐标系到大地坐标系、再到空间直角坐标系的严密和简化传播公式,研究了GNSS基线向量协方差和点位协方差传播的等价性和统一性。理论和算例证明,推导的传播公式是正确的,可用点位协方差传播公式代替复杂的基线向量协方差传播公式,基线向量协方差和点位协方差在空间直角坐标系与高斯平面直角坐标系间的传播,都可统一到形式简单的空间直角坐标系与站心直角坐标系间的传播。     

Influence of canopy density on snow distribution in a temperate mountain range

We analyse spatial variability and different evolution patterns of snowpack in a mixed beech–fir stand in the central Pyrenees. Snow depth and density were surveyed weekly along six transects of contrasting forest cover during a complete accumulation and melting season; we also surveyed a sector unaffected by canopy cover. Forest density was measured using the sky view factor (SVF) obtained from digital hemispherical photographs. During periods of snow accumulation and melting, noticeable differences in snow depth and density were found between the open site and those areas covered by forest canopy. Principal component analysis provided valuable information in explaining these observations. The results indicate a high variability in snow accumulation within forest areas related to differences in canopy density. Maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) was reduced by more than 50% beneath dense canopies compared with clearings, and this difference increased during the melting period. We also found significant temporal variations: when melting began in sectors with low SVF, most of the snow had already thawed in areas with high SVF. However, specific conditions occasionally produced a different response of SWE to forest cover, with lower melting rates observed beneath dense canopies. The high values of correlation coefficients for SWE and SVF (r > 0·9) indicate the reliability of predicting the spatial distribution of SWE in forests when only a moderate number of observations are available. Digital hemispherical photographs provide an appropriate tool for this type of analysis, especially for zenith angles in the range 35–55 . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.