基于抗差最小二乘估计的载体速度计算方法

针对相位率值的特点,引入抗差最小二乘估计进行速度计算,根据IGGⅢ方案选取合适的等价权因子来降低存在小周跳影响的观测值对结果的贡献,利用航空飞行实验的数据进行了计算分析,结果表明经过抗差后的速度仍可保持在mm/s的量级。     

Assessment of damping models in FLAC

Geotechnical materials dissipate energy as mechanical waves propagate through them. This form of energy dissipation is known as material damping and can be introduced into formulations for dynamic analyses in different ways. Particularly, the finite difference code FLAC contains some alternatives to represent material damping in seismic analyses. In the present review paper these damping models were assessed simulating the free field response of a particular site in Mexico City, induced by the 1985 Michoacán Earthquake. It is concluded that, for the conditions studied here, Rayleigh damping turned out to be the most suitable alternative to represent energy dissipation of soil elements.     

轮胎颗粒混合土动力特性参数影响规律试验研究

废旧轮胎碎片颗粒与砂土混合用作路基或挡墙填料、建筑物基础隔震体系等具有质轻、土压力小、减震隔振效果好、耐久性优良、费用低廉的特点。通过室内数字化动三轴试验,重点对比研究了废旧轮胎颗粒含量及围压对混合土及纯砂土动强度、动弹性模量和等效阻尼比等主要动力特性参数的影响规律。结果表明,在相同围压和动剪应力比条件下,混合土动强度相对纯砂土略有降低(最大降低量约20 kPa,即约8%);所有配比混合土动弹性模量均小于纯砂,且减小效果显著,最大减小量约22 MPa(即约60%);混合土等效阻尼比先随轮胎颗粒含量的增大而增加,之后又随之减小,临界含量值介于30%⁴0%之间,混合土等效阻尼比相对纯砂土最大增加量约91%。结果证实,混合土剪切刚度有效降低,可以发挥减震隔振的优势。     

Modulus and damping from shaking table tests of reinforced soil walls

The paper presents rational procedures to estimate normalised shear modulus and damping ratio from measured responses of reinforced soil model walls tested in a 1-g shaking table. Displacement measured at the top of the model walls and input base acceleration time histories are used to produce equivalent hysteretic responses of the model walls. Equivalent hysteretic loops at different strain amplitudes are developed and used to calculate normalised modulus degradation curves and damping ratio for the tested model walls. Model wall responses are also analysed using the single degree of freedom (SDOF) model to determine damping ratio and phase difference, and to verify the validity of SDOF model for application with reinforced soil walls.

Results indicate that the normalised shear modulus significantly decreased at the early stage of the base shaking (i.e. γ_s < 0.03%). For example, about 68% and 80% reductions in shear modulus occurred at γ_s = 0.005% and 0.01% respectively. In addition, a 90% reduction in the normalised shear modulus realised at relatively strong input base acceleration (i.e. for γ_s > 0.03%). Minimum damping ratio of 5% to 10% for both model walls was obtained, increased to 15% to 20% at strain amplitude γ_s = 0.3%, and reached higher values thereafter. Finally, dynamic properties determined from the proposed method are compared with experimental and empirical relationships proposed in literature as well as resonant column test results.     

A three-dimensional equivalent continuum constitutive model for jointed rock masses containing up to three random joint sets

A three dimensional constitutive model is formulated for deformation analysis of jointed rock masses containing up to three joint sets with arbitrary spatial configurations. A representative elementary volume (REV) that represents the deformational response of the rock mass is defined and the constitutive relationships are developed based on superposition of deformations of the REV components. By representing the constitutive relationships in a tensorial form, the model is able to implement deformation anisotropy of jointed rock masses. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with tension cut-off is used for the intact rock and the joint sets. The model is implemented in FLAC^3D and the deformations and strength values calculated by the model are compared with the results from a 3DEC model and analytical solutions. The model results are in good agreement with those obtained from 3DEC.     

风格的可译性

从三个方面对风格的可泽性进行了探讨，译文读者需要原作风格的再现。奈达的功能对等理论要求原作与译文对读者感受的等效，反对风格可译性的论点证明是站不住脚的。进而得出结论：译者需要进一步提高其业务水平，以实现译文与原作的功能对等。     

SOIL EROSION AND ITS IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT IN YIXING TEA PLANTATION OF JIANGSU PROVINCE

Soil erosion on sloping field has led to a lot of environmental problems. In order to reveal the seriousnessof the damage of soil erosion on sloping fields 137^Cs tracer method was used to estimate soil erosion rate. 137^Cs referenceinventory of 2200Bq/m^2 in Yixing, southern Jiangsu Province, was estimated and a model for estimating erosion of cultivat-od soil was established in order to avoid overestimating soil erosion rates. Then based on the soil erosion rates and mea-sured soil physical and chemical properties, direct and indirect impacts of soil erosion on environment were further dis-cussed. Direct impacts of erosion on environment included on-site and off-site impacts. The on-site impacts were thatsoil layer became thin, soil structure was deteriorated and soil nutrients decreased. The off-site impacts were that waterbodies were polluted. The indirect impacts of soil erosion on environment were the increase of fertilizer application andenergy consumption, and change of adaptability of land uses. Although erosion intensity was not serious in the studyarea, its environmental impacts should not be ignored because of great soil nutrient loss and coazseness of soil particles.     

基于等价方差-协方差的粗差探测敏感度分析及实现

选权迭代法在面对独立观测量中的粗差时能够表现出良好的探测效果,但由于其只是一种基于独立观测值的稳健估计法,没有考虑到观测值之间的相关性[1]。而现有的等价权函数虽然都满足稳健估计的要求,但由于所构造的等价权阵不对称,使得最后平差结果严重偏离实际情况。本文介绍在传统稳健估计的基础上,在定权时充分考虑相关观测值之间相关性的不变性,构造对称的方差—协方差阵不断扩大,并通过VB进行编程及实例分析,发现该方法对粗差的敏感度非常强,探测精度很高。     

GNSS基线向量与点位协方差传播方法的等价性

在GNSS控制网平差和点位测量中,需将GNSS基线向量协方差和点位协方差在不同坐标系间进行传播。推导了GNSS基线向量协方差从高斯平面直角坐标系到大地坐标系、再到空间直角坐标系的严密和简化传播公式,研究了GNSS基线向量协方差和点位协方差传播的等价性和统一性。理论和算例证明,推导的传播公式是正确的,可用点位协方差传播公式代替复杂的基线向量协方差传播公式,基线向量协方差和点位协方差在空间直角坐标系与高斯平面直角坐标系间的传播,都可统一到形式简单的空间直角坐标系与站心直角坐标系间的传播。     

Influence of canopy density on snow distribution in a temperate mountain range

We analyse spatial variability and different evolution patterns of snowpack in a mixed beech–fir stand in the central Pyrenees. Snow depth and density were surveyed weekly along six transects of contrasting forest cover during a complete accumulation and melting season; we also surveyed a sector unaffected by canopy cover. Forest density was measured using the sky view factor (SVF) obtained from digital hemispherical photographs. During periods of snow accumulation and melting, noticeable differences in snow depth and density were found between the open site and those areas covered by forest canopy. Principal component analysis provided valuable information in explaining these observations. The results indicate a high variability in snow accumulation within forest areas related to differences in canopy density. Maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) was reduced by more than 50% beneath dense canopies compared with clearings, and this difference increased during the melting period. We also found significant temporal variations: when melting began in sectors with low SVF, most of the snow had already thawed in areas with high SVF. However, specific conditions occasionally produced a different response of SWE to forest cover, with lower melting rates observed beneath dense canopies. The high values of correlation coefficients for SWE and SVF (r > 0·9) indicate the reliability of predicting the spatial distribution of SWE in forests when only a moderate number of observations are available. Digital hemispherical photographs provide an appropriate tool for this type of analysis, especially for zenith angles in the range 35–55 . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.