A method for the removal of ray refraction effects in multibeam echo sounder systems

To a multibeam echo sounder system (MBES), under water sound refraction plays an important role in depth measure-ment accuracy, and errors in sound velocity profile lead to inaccuracies in the measured depth (especially for outer beams). A method is developed to estimate the sound velocity profile based on the depth measured by vertical beam. Using this depth and other pa-rameters, such as t (sound pulse propagation time), 0 (beam inclination angle), etc. We can estimate a simple sound velocity profile with which the depth error has been reduced. This method has been tested with a real dataset acquired in the East China Sea.     

湿位涡及其不可渗透性在江淮流域一次暴雨过程中的应用

为了对暴雨天气进行更准确地分析和提前预报,结合常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,利用湿位涡正压项(MPV1)、斜压项(MPV2)及其不可渗透性原理,分析了2011年6月13日~15日发生在中国长江流域的一次暴雨过程。研究结果表明:暴雨区邻近850hPa上MPV1的零线,即正值与负值的过渡区,这对暴雨落区有指示作用。且湿位涡在850hPa上满足MPV10同时MPV20的条件,这种配置有利于强降水的产生,因此可作为预报暴雨的一个有效辅助工具。在850hPa上,湿位涡高值区与地面降水落区对应良好,根据湿位涡不可渗透性原理,若将MPV异常高值区与等θe线结合起来,能在长江流域的暴雨预报中起到良好的指示作用。     

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波浪荷载下饱和粉土不排水动力特性试验研究

确保海床场地的动力稳定性是近海工程安全运行的前提。目前针对复杂应力路径对海域环境饱和粉土动力学行为特性的影响研究尚属少见。利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展了轴向-扭转耦合循环加载的重塑饱和粉土不排水试验,模拟波浪的波幅大小和海床深度变化,以广义剪应变γg=5%为液化标准,研究了均等固结条件下循环应力路径(循环应力比CSR和循环加载幅值比δ)对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响。结果表明:CSR与δ值的大小对饱和粉土的超静孔压与变形发展特性影响显著,圆形应力路径(δ=1)循环加载时饱和粉土最易液化;当CSR≤0.050时,饱和粉土不会发生液化;当CSR≥0.065且δ=1时,饱和粉土会发生液化;CSR> 0.150时,粉土易发生液化。γg与孔压比ru的相关性受CSR与δ值大小的影响较小,且γg可表示以r_u为变量的正切函数。以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和粉土达到γg=5%所需的液化振次NL与施加的ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,ESR随NL的增大而减小。     

基于方差分量估计的不同截止高度角下的组合单点定位

BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合系统定位时,由于系统间卫星测距精度的差异性,需要合理确定卫星间权比,Helmert方差分量估计常被用于确定不同类观测值间权比;而当观测值含有粗差时,Helmert方差分量估计定位结果容易被粗差污染或收敛失真,出现大的偏差。文中基于Helmert方差分量估计,引入等价权因子IGGIII函数,建立抗差Helmert方差分量估计权函数模型,对比分析其在低截止高度角10°、15°和20°下,在BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合系统定位中的应用及定位精度,并讨论分析在高截止高度角30°和40°下,组合系统和单系统BDS的定位精度。实验结果表明:当观测值无明显粗差时,Helmert方差分量估计和抗差分量估计的定位精度相当,略低于高度角权函数的定位结果,点位精度RMS优于2.5m;含粗差时,抗差解定位精度最高;当截止高度角为30°时,BDS单系统定位精度RMS优于5m,而组合系统RMS接近3m;为40°时,组合系统平面精度RMS优于2m,三维精度RMS优于6m,而单系统不能定位。     

A simple method to combine snow height and meteorological observations to estimate winter precipitation at sub-daily resolution

ABSTRACT

Measuring winter solid and liquid precipitation with high temporal resolution in remote or higher elevation regions is a challenging task because of undercatch and power supply issues. However, the number of micro-meteorological stations and ultrasonic height sensors in mountain regions is steadily increasing. To gain more benefit from such stations, a new simple approach for EStimating SOlid and LIquid Precipitation (ESOLIP) is presented. The method consists of three main steps: (1) definition of precipitation events using micro-meteorological data, (2) quantification of solid and liquid precipitation using wet-bulb temperature and filtered snow height and (3) calculation of fresh snow density. ESOLIP performance was validated using data from a heated rain gauge, snow pillow and daily manual observations both for single precipitation events and over three winter seasons. Results proved ESOLIP as an effective approach for precipitation quantification, where snow height observations and basic meteorological measurements (air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity), but no reliable rain gauges are available.     

北京相当暴雨日数的气候特征

根据北京99年6～8月的逐日降水资料和274年6～8月总降水量资料， 分析了相当暴雨日数与总降水量及旱涝等级的相关性，给出相当暴雨日数与总降 水量的定量关系式，建立了北京274年汛期相当暴雨日数资料序列。分析表明: 相当暴雨日数概念的引入，可以把汛期总降水量中暴雨过程降水与非暴雨过程降 水分开，证实汛期旱涝变化只取决于暴雨过程的总次数和强度；相当暴雨日数是 一个气候统计量，有与总降水量一致的周期变化，但其年际变率和3.5年周期比 总降水量更显著，其概率分布满足泊松分布；与旱涝等级比较，相当暴雨日数与 总降水量的相关性更好，且有利于研究形成汛期旱涝灾害的暴雨过程特征。     

基于功能试验的加速度传感器性能评价

以二阶系统的动力方程为基础,计算不同固有频率和阻尼比下的传感器功能试验响应,讨论功能试验响应随频率和阻尼比的变化,给出了依据功能试验响应确定传感器固有频率和过冲响应比的计算方法,继而统计回归得到过冲响应比随阻尼比的变化关系式.基于传感器的频率响应分析,讨论阻尼比对传感器的幅频特性和相频特性的影响,认为阻尼比在0.68-0.70范围内传感器具有最佳的幅频与相频特性.最后,以传感器自振特性确定方法及性能评价分析为基础,提出基于功能试验的力平衡式加速度传感器性能评价方法,并通过实例对典型传感器的性能进行评价.     

稳健回归分析及其应用研究

以前在回归分析的研究中，往往只强调对回归方程及其系数进行显著性检验，而忽略对自变量和因变量的稳健性分析。事实上，如果自变量或因变量存在粗差，将对回归模型产生破坏性影响并直接导致预测的失败。考虑到自变量或因变量可能相关，将基于等价方差－协方差的稳健最小二乘估计理论引入回归分析中，并将稳健最小二乘估计理论方法用于GPS高程拟合，取得了明显效果。     

The role of damping in seismic isolation

In the current code requirements for the design of base isolation systems for buildings located at near-fault sites, the design engineer is faced with very large design displacements for the isolators. To reduce these displacements, supplementary dampers are often prescribed. These dampers reduce displacements, but at the expense of significant increases in interstorey drifts and floor accelerations in the superstructure. An elementary analysis based on a simple model of an isolated structure is used to demonstrate this dilemma. The model is linear and is based on modal analysis, but includes the modal coupling terms caused by high levels of damping in the isolation system. The equations are solved by a method that avoids complex modal analysis. Estimates of the important response quantities are obtained by the response spectrum method. It is shown that as the damping in the isolation system increases, the contribution of the modal coupling terms due to isolator damping in response to the superstructure becomes the dominant term. The isolator displacement and structural base shear may be reduced, but the floor accelerations and interstorey drift are increased. The results show that the use of supplemental dampers in seismic isolation is a misplaced effort and alternative strategies to solve the problem are suggested. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.