离子液体双水相体系相平衡研究进展

离子液体相行为及相关组分的影响规律对萃取过程的研究、分离工艺流程的选择和设计至关重要,在生物分子的分离与纯化方面也显示了广阔的应用前景。本文主要从离子液体双水相体系相平衡在国内和国外的研究进展两个方面进行了论述,探讨了研究中存在的一些问题,为深入探究离子液体双水相体系相平衡的应用提供参考。     

含锂、钾硼酸盐水溶液体系固液相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法测定了含锂、硼硼酸盐水溶液体系在35℃时的溶解度、密度和折光率,根据实验数据,绘制了相应的溶解度图、密度图、折光率图和pH值图。该体系溶解度相图包含一个共饱点,两个单盐结晶区,分别为结晶相区较大的（L+ Mg2B6O11·15H2O）和结晶相区较小的（L + K2B4O7·4H2O）,溶液体系中没有固溶体和复盐产生。溶液的密度、折光率和pH值随着硼酸钾溶液的浓度增大而呈现与规律的变化,并采用半经验公式对溶液的密度和折光率进行计算,计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria in the Aqueous System Containing Potassium, Magnesium, and Borate at 308.15 K

Experimental studies on the solubility,density,refractive index,and pH value in the aqueous system containing potassium,magnesium,and borate at 308. 15 K were determined with the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium. Based on the experimental results,the diagrams of solubility,density,refractive index,and pH value in this system were plotted. We found that there were one eutectic point and two crystallization regions corresponding to the large area of inderite( L + Mg_2 B_6 O_(11)·15 H_2 O) and the relatively small area of potassium borate tetrahydrate( L + K_2 B_4 O_7·4 H_2 O),respectively. Neither double salt nor solid solution was found in this system. The physicochemical properties( density,refractive index,and pH value) in solution at 308. 15 K changed regularly with increasing potassium borate concentration. The calculated values of density and refractive index using empirical equations of the aqueous system were in good agreement with the experimental values.     

海平面上升情景下辽东湾海岸侵蚀及影响评估

基于海洋站潮位观测和中国沿海海平面变化影响调查等数据,分析了辽东湾沿岸海平面变化及海岸侵蚀状况,并定量评估了未来海平面上升情景下,辽东湾两岸典型沙质海岸侵蚀影响和沙滩养护投入。分析预测和评估结果表明:1980-2017年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升速率为3.0 mm/a,其中辽东湾东岸沿海海平面上升速率明显高于西岸。2009-2017年,辽宁营口白沙湾、绥中网户、绥中南山港和绥中团山气象观测场岸段后退和下蚀较为严重,部分岸段滩肩蚀退达2～3 m/a。预计2100年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升幅度在20～48 cm之间,由海平面上升引发的辽东湾海岸侵蚀土地损失为23.1 km2,土地经济损失为1410万元。为减缓海岸侵蚀,旅游沙滩和一般沙滩养护总投入分别为11亿元和46亿元,全岸段养护成本较高,应选取旅游沙滩等重点岸段进行养护。     

安徽省枞阳县高峰村同咀崩塌稳定性分析与评价

通过实地踏勘并辅以钻探等技术手段,对枞阳县高峰村同咀崩塌的边坡地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、水文地质条件、工程地质条件以及人类工程活动等条件进行调查,并在进行变形位移监测的基础上,对研究区崩塌灾害的发育特征、影响因素以及形成机制进行了分析,并采用极限平衡法对崩塌灾害的稳定性进行了评价。研究结果表明:2处崩塌灾害规模等级均属小型,破坏方式均为滑移式;影响因素主要包括人工切坡,钾长花岗岩强烈风化,构造裂隙、风化裂隙和卸荷裂隙发育和强降雨等; 2处崩塌在天然工况下处于基本稳定状态,在暴雨工况下处于欠稳定状态,需采取相关治理措施。依据分析评价结果对崩塌灾害治理提出了防治方案建议。     

有界椭球不确定性平差算法在病态问题中的应用

利用椭球约束描述观测向量和参数的有界不确定先验信息,并将其融入到测量平差模型中,建立新的平差准则对不适定性进行抑制。通过模拟算例和测边网病态数据,比较本方法与其他多种方法的优劣,验证有界椭球不确定性平差方法处理病态问题的有效性。     

采用高斯投影实现AutoCAD地形图换带

地形图高斯投影换带是工程项目勘测和施工过程中一项重要的工作,利用GIS软件可实现高斯投影换带,但无法解决任意高程面上的投影问题,而且在AutoCAD图与GIS图转换过程中容易出现图形信息的丢失。本文研究了3种常用的椭球膨胀高斯投影换带方法,并在AutoCAD平台中实现了DXF文件坐标直接修改法和图形实体位置属性修改法。通过工程实例表明,本文方法理论严密,投影转换结果准确,软件实用性强。     

Punishment in optional public goods games

In this work, the optional public goods games with punishment are studied. By adopting the approximate best response dynamics, a micro model is given to explain the evolutionary process. Simultaneously, the magnitude of rationality is also considered. Under the condition of bounded rationality which provides a light to interpret phenomena in human society, the model leads to two types of equilibriums. One is the equilibrium without punishers and the other is the equilibrium including only punishers and cooperators. In addition, the effects of rationality on equilibriums are briefly investigated.     

Numerical modeling of crenulate bay shapes

A numerical model is developed to compute the shoreline planform in a crenulate bay beach. The new model combines polar and Cartesian coordinates and can be used effectively to compute a hooked zone shoreline in the lee of upcoast headland. The model is calibrated using laboratory data with an incident wave angle ranging from 25° to 60°. The results of calibration and verification suggest that the ratio of the sediment transport parameters by wave and longshore current in this model is close to unity, and the computed shoreline planforms for the hooked and unhooked zones are in good agreement with the ones measured, especially when a bay is close to static equilibrium. In addition, the bay shape calculated by the present model is similar to that given by the well-known empirical parabolic equation for a bay in static equilibrium. The process of bay shape development from a straight beach to a static equilibrium bay is studied using laboratory experiments and the present numerical model. The temporal variations in the computed longshore sediment transport at different locations within a bay beach are analyzed. From this the decrease in the sediment transport becomes apparent while a bay beach changes its shape from straight toward a state of equilibrium. Based on this experience, it may be concluded that the present numerical model can produce a temporal change in the shoreline planform of a crenulate bay beach from a transition state to static equilibrium subject to seasonal wave action.     

MEPBAY and SMC: Software tools to support different operational levels of headland-bay beach in coastal engineering projects

This paper presents MEPBAY and SMC software tools that allow comprehending and solving problems in headland-bay beach through a parabolic model. These tools can be employed as coastal engineering design tools (including nourishment designs) and also for academic purposes. They are oriented to different end-users, including coastal technicians, scientists and undergraduates and as coastal engineering design tools, they can be applied to different operational levels (pre-design and design). The aim of the paper is to present design guidelines, the capabilities of the tools, their potential use and applications. Both tools were applied to analyze San Lorenzo Beach and demonstrate their ability at different project levels.