地理大数据聚合的内涵、分类与框架

地理大数据是地理对象所产生的“足迹数据”,而地理大数据挖掘就是通过反演分析地理对象的“足迹数据”,揭示其中蕴含的人地关系及其时空模式。近年关于地理大数据的重大研究进展显示,其研究结论的取得大多需要借助多种大数据的信息综合。为此,本文提出研究地理大数据聚合的必要性：代表新的研究范式、产生新的研究视角、提升研究的全面性,并将地理大数据聚合定义为：不同地理大数据之间通过转换形成面向研究对象的多维数据集合。在阐述地理大数据分类和特点的基础上,将地理大数据聚合分为：时空聚合、面向对象聚合、面向主题聚合以及面向模型聚合四种类型。地理大数据聚合作为地理大数据挖掘的重要组成部分,其过程大致可以分为：确定内核—信息溯源—反演汇聚3个步骤,而其中的关键科学问题包括：统一时空框架和基准、统一数据表达与存储、匹配同一观测对象的多数据源、统一多源数据的时空范围、调和不同对象之间不同的变化速率、解决数据共享与隐私保护、大数据与小数据的聚合等。地理大数据聚合方法与技术的发展,将会拓展地方的感知、土地功能的识别、对人群的观测与理解、功能与流动之间关系、地表复杂巨系统等新领域的研究。     

土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状

土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低，是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。简要评述了土壤理化特性、温度和降水变化、大气CO₂浓度上升、人类的农业活动对土壤有机碳蓄积量的影响，介绍了当前对土壤碳蓄积量动态变化的研究进展，认为应加强气候变化和土地利用/土地覆被变化与土壤碳循环研究的结合，提高对陆地生态系统碳循环变化的认识，并需要从生态环境保护的利益和可持续发展的理论出发，进一步加强土地管理方式的改变，促进土壤有机质的积累，提高土壤对碳的固定。     

安徽沿长江地区中生代岩浆岩的碱质来源

有人认为长江中下游中生代岩浆岩的碱质与岩浆同化三叠纪含盐地层有关，但是最近获得的资料表明，碱质主要来自岩浆本身。     

陕西省略阳县陶家沟地区地质地球物理特征及找矿预测

通过对略阳县陶家沟地区地质地球物理特征分析,认为陶家沟存在一个由磁铁矿化角砾状蛇纹岩组成的角砾岩筒,按照岩浆熔离成矿理论,应用地质地球物理综合预测方法,预测在角砾岩筒底部、正负磁异常转换部位及电法异常梯度带附近是铜金矿成矿的有利部位.     

Diagnostic Comparison of Wintertime East Asian Subtropical Jet and Polar-Front Jet: Large-Scale Characteristics and Transient Eddy Activities

Diagnostic comparison of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar-front jet (EAPJ) in winter season is carried out by using the ERA-40 dataset. The large-scale circulation characteristics and synopticscale transient eddy activities (STEAs) associated with the EASJ and EAPJ are examined. The results show that the EASJ and EAPJ in the upper-level monthly mean data have no clear geographical border, while the distribution of the numbers of jet cores from the daily data exhibits a distinct boundary at the latitudes of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The two areas with large numbers of jet cores correspond to the EASJ and EAPJ regions. The analysis of STEAs over the East Asian region shows a spatial match of STEAs with the EASJ and EAPJ in winter: the strong EASJ is located within the weak southern branch of the STEA while the relatively weak EAPJ appears within the active northern branch of the STEA, indicating that the EAPJ is the jet coexisting with the STEA. Further analysis shows two anomalous modes of the winter EAPJ: the anomalous anticyclonic/cyclonic circulation and the weakened/strengthened local westerly wind. The large-scale circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere related to the first mode are concentrated in the Eurasian mid to high latitudes, and are also influenced by the anomalous circulation in the upstream area. When the local westerly wind over the EAPJ region is weakened/strengthened, the westerly jet in the eastern part of the EASJ and that in the western Pacific region show opposite variations. The corresponding anomalous atmospheric circulation demonstrates the Eurasian (EU) pattern. The EAPJ anomalies are also closely linked with the STEA anomalies over East Asia. The anomalies in the northern branch of the STEA propagate as a wave train along its axis into the East Asian coastal waters, and then migrate eastward to the oceanic region. However, the ones near the southern branch are trapped over the eastern part of East Asia and its coastal waters at 200 hPa.     

Land use and land cover change in Arctic Russia: Ecological and social implications of industrial development

Sizable areas in northwestern arctic Russia have undergone fundamental change in recent decades as the exploration of vast hydrocarbon deposits has intensified. We undertook two case studies on the influence of oil and gas activities within neighbouring federal districts in the tundra zone. Employing a strongly interdisciplinary approach, we studied the ecological, spatial and social dimensions of the visible and perceived changes in land use and land cover. Our data are derived from field sampling, remote sensing and intensive participant observation with indigenous Nenets reindeer herders and non-indigenous workers. Important trends include the rapid expansion of infrastructure, a large influx of workers who compete for freshwater fish, and extensive transformation from shrub- to grass- and sedge-dominated tundra. The latter represents an alternative ecosystem state that is likely to persist indefinitely. On terrain disturbed by off-road vehicle traffic, reindeer pastures’ vegetation regenerates with fewer species among which grasses and sedges dominate, thus reducing biodiversity. To have maximum forage value such pastures must be accessible and free of trash, petro-chemicals and feral dogs. We found that a wide range of direct and indirect impacts, both ecological and social, accumulate in space and time such that the combined influence is effectively regional rather than local, depending in part on the placement of facilities. While incoming workers commonly commit poaching, they also serve as exchange partners, making barter for goods possible in remote locations. In general, the same positive and negative impacts of the presence of industry were mentioned in each study region. Even using very high-resolution remote sensing data (Quickbird-2) it is not possible to determine fully the amount of degraded territory in modern oil and gas fields. With regard to policy, both biophysical and social impacts could be substantially reduced if information flow between herders and workers were to be optimized.     

5°拐折断层在黏滑过程中物理场演化与交替活动的实验研究

在实验室利用96通道应变记录采集系统和分布式多通道瞬态信号采集系统,观测了预切5.拐折断层的标本在变形失稳过程中应变场和声发射事件的时空演化.实验在双轴伺服加载系统上进行.在Y方向按位移控制方式加载,位移速率先后取0.5μm/s、1μm/s、0.5μm/s和0.1μm/s.观测得到:1)标本沿断层发生周期性的黏滑失稳,...     

一种融合文本中地理位置和土地利用/覆被信息的野生动物活动细粒度定位方法

文本蕴含大量地理位置描述信息,有效融合地理关联信息以实现文本的精细定位是地理信息服务的难点。本文提出一种融合土地利用/覆被信息的描述地理位置的细粒度定位方法：在文本描述地理关联信息（地理位置实体、土地利用/覆被实体与空间关系）抽取、土地利用/覆被精细分类与地理位置粗粒度匹配定位的基础上,使用自然语言空间关系近似转换模型,确定地理位置的细粒度定位范围;基于土地利用/覆被实体及其周边精细分类信息,在该范围内检索匹配,确定地理位置的细粒度定位坐标。本文以野生亚洲象活动/肇事监测文本为例开展实验,并用匹配率与位置精度评价定位质量,结果表明：本文方法显著提升了地理位置的细粒度定位质量,实验精确匹配率（81.51%）、位置误差距离的均值（65.97 m）及其≤50 m的比例（70.50%）均优于国内主流在线地理编码与地名检索服务结合空间关系或其单独使用结果。该方法有助于完善地理位置定位方法体系、提升地理信息空间化质量,并可服务于野生动物活动/肇事监测预警等精细定位任务。     

辽东湾地区辽中北洼超压的发育演化 及油气幕式成藏

基于地层测试数据,利用声波时差的等效深度法以及数值模拟方法对辽中北洼地区超压的分布和演化进行了研究。结果表明本区超压普遍发育,储层超压主要发育于古近系及潜山,最大压力系数193;东二下亚段及以下地层泥岩段中普遍发育欠压实,计算压力系数可达到19以上。不均衡压实和生烃作用是泥岩层超压发育的主要成因,它源传导型是储层超压发育的主要机制。沙河街组沉积以来,烃源岩中超压开始发育并逐渐增加,东营组沉积末期达到高峰,随后开始泄放降低,明下段沉积期开始,超压再次积累增大直至现今。JZ20 2凝析气田的储层流体包裹体及温压方面的证据、油气成熟度和烃源岩生烃史方面的证据以及原油物性方面的证据表明其油气成藏为晚期幕式快速充注成藏。同时研究区断裂发育少,活动性弱,油气沿断层垂向运移受限,充注期主力烃源岩发育强超压,产生水力破裂微裂缝成为油气幕式排放的通道,同时为油气长距离的侧向运移提供了充足的动力,属于超压主导型油气晚期幕式快速成藏。     

The Berridale Wrench fault: A major structure in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales

One of the most significant, but poorly understood, tectonic events in the east Lachlan Fold Belt is that which caused the shift from mafic, mantle‐derived calc‐alkaline/shoshonitic volcanism in the Late Ordovician to silicic (S‐type) plutonism and volcanism in the late Early Silurian. We suggest that this chemical/isotopic shift required major changes in crustal architecture, but not tectonic setting, and simply involved ongoing subduction‐related magmatism following burial of the pre‐existing, active intraoceanic arc by overthrusting Ordovician sediments during Late Ordovician — Early Silurian (pre‐Benambran) deformation, associated with regional northeast‐southwest shortening. A review of ‘type’ Benambran deformation from the type area (central Lachlan Fold Belt) shows that it is constrained to a north‐northwest‐trending belt at ca 430 Ma (late Early Silurian), associated with high‐grade metamorphism and S‐type granite generation. Similar features were associated with ca 430 Ma deformation in east Lachlan Fold Belt, highlighted by the Cooma Complex, and formed within a separate north‐trending belt that included the S‐type Kosciuszko, Murrumbidgee, Young and Wyangala Batholiths. As Ordovician turbidites were partially melted at ca 430 Ma, they must have been buried already to ～20 km before the ‘type’ Benambran deformation. We suggest that this burial occurred during earlier northeast‐southwest shortening associated with regional oblique folds and thrusts, loosely referred to previously as latitudinal or east‐west structures. This event also caused the earliest Silurian uplift in the central Lachlan Fold Belt (Benambran highlands), which pre‐dated the ‘type’ Benambran deformation and is constrained as latest Ordovician — earliest Silurian (ca 450–440 Ma) in age. The south‐ to southwest‐verging, earliest Silurian folds and thrusts in the Tabberabbera Zone are considered to be associated with these early oblique structures, although similar deformation in that zone probably continued into the Devonian. We term these ‘pre’‐ and ‘type’‐Benambran events as ‘early’ and ‘late’ for historical reasons, although we do not consider that they are necessarily related. Heat‐flow modelling suggests that burial of ‘average’ Ordovician turbidites during early Benambran deformation at 450–440 Ma, to form a 30 km‐thick crustal pile, cannot provide sufficient heat to induce mid‐crustal melting at ca 430 Ma by internal heat generation alone. An external, mantle heat source is required, best illustrated by the mafic ca 430 Ma, Micalong Swamp Igneous Complex in the S‐type Young Batholith. Modern heat‐flow constraints also indicate that the lower crust cannot be felsic and, along with petrological evidence, appears to preclude older continental ‘basement terranes’ as sources for the S‐type granites. Restriction of the S‐type batholiths into two discrete, oblique, linear belts in the central and east Lachlan Fold Belt supports a model of separate magmatic arc/subduction zone complexes, consistent with the existence of adjacent, structurally imbricated turbidite zones with opposite tectonic vergence, inferred by other workers to be independent accretionary prisms. Arc magmas associated with this ‘double convergent’ subduction system in the east Lachlan Fold Belt were heavily contaminated by Ordovician sediment, recently buried during the early Benambran deformation, causing the shift from mafic to silicic (S‐type) magmatism. In contrast, the central Lachlan Fold Belt magmatic arc, represented by the Wagga‐Omeo Zone, only began in the Early Silurian in response to subduction associated with the early Benambran northeast‐southwest shortening. The model requires that the S‐type and subsequent I‐type (Late Silurian — Devonian) granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt were associated with ongoing, subduction‐related tectonic activity.