Dehydration veins in diagenetic and very-low-grade metamorphic rocks: features of the crustal seismogenic zone and their significance to mineral facies

Abstract Declining temperatures during decay of a hydrothermal system, or during uplift and erosion, tend to result in veins involving progressive hydration reactions, e.g. veins with laumontite cutting prehnitepumpellyite facies rocks, and stilbite veins cutting laumontite veins. In contrast, examples are described of analcime replacement of heulandite along fractures in heulanditized vitric tuff, of replacement of analcime by albite along fractures in quartz-analcime rock, of joint-controlled replacement of heulandite in tuff by laumontite + quartz + (Na, K)-feldspars, of replacement of laumontite by prehnite + quartz along fractures in alumontitized vitric tuff, and of laumontitebearing feldspathic sandstones cut by vein assemblages of quartz and prehnite ° Calcite. The vein mineral assemblage, sometimes with pumpellyite and/or epidote in the prehnite-bearing veins, tends to spread as a zone of dehydration into the adjacent country rock. Except perhaps for albite replacement of analcime, and for laumontite replacement of heulandite, these open-system reactions involve cation activity ratios in the fluid. All involve dehydration. They are favoured by an increase in temperature, and except under certain situations where P-T equilibrium curves have negative slopes, are favoured by a fall in P_H2O. Evidence indicates that in at least some cases the triggering mechanism was a drop in P_H2O; this may be a widespread phenomenon associated with brittle fracture in the seismogenic upper crust. This may cause fluid pressure to drop from values approaching lithostatic to nearer hydrostatic, and equilibrium may be displaced to yield a less hydrous assemblage that appears as a dehydration vein and vein verge. The dehydration vein assemblage may be diagnostic of a higher grade mineral facies and adds to the mineral complexity attributable to varying permeabilities and fluid pressures in upper crustal strata. Mineral facies are likely to be more uniformly distributed in higher grade rocks from below the brittle-ductile transition zone. Reactions involving complex solid solutions are inappropriate as facies boundaries.     

岩浆绿帘石特征及其地质意义研究进展

综述了国际上对岩浆绿帘石的研究成果，总结了岩浆绿帘石的特征及其在花岗质岩浆中的结晶行为，讨论了岩浆绿帘石的地质意义。岩浆绿帘石的稳定与岩浆成分、fH2O以及fO2关系密切。它通常作为中、高压近固相线结晶矿物，主要产于英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗岩等钙碱性花岗质岩石中。该矿物在岩浆中的结晶可早可晚（相对于黑云母或角闪石），氧逸度的高低直接影响到它在岩浆中的最小稳定压力。作为早期结晶的矿物，绿帘石不能作为压力计来反映岩体侵位深度，因为在绿帘石晶出时，岩浆中液相体积在50%～80%，这样岩浆可能会有快速侵位的过程，但它的地质意义在于能够对岩浆上升速率做出估算。而晚期近固相线晶出的绿帘石时，能够作为压力计反映岩体最小侵位深度。据此可以应用于对地壳演化和隆升的研究。由于氧逸度对绿帘石的稳定有很大影响，因此在能够作为压力计时，首先需要确定岩浆氧逸度情况。通常磁铁矿型花岗岩最小侵位深度在3×108 Pa左右（10 km），而钛铁矿型为5×108 Pa以上(17～20 km)。     

南阳独山玉的矿物学研究

南阳独山玉呈脉状产于河南省南阳市独山透闪石化辉长岩岩体内。笔者选择了各种代 表性样品(白玉、绿玉、白绿玉,棕黑色玉),对其进行了光薄片显微镜观察、探针、电镜、X光、红外等分析以及显微硬度测定。研究表明,独山玉在矿物成分上极为独特,以高钙、高铝、贫硅为特征,如:“纯”钙长石、黝帘石、珍珠云母等。除此之外,尚有一系列含铬矿物,如:铬绿帘石、含铬白云母—珍珠云母,含铬黑云母—金云母、铬蒙脱石、铬铁矿。这表明独山玉是在较特殊的地质环境下形成的,起交代作用的热液成分以钙为主,而铬对独山玉呈绿色、翠绿色有很大关系。     

Metamorphic evolution of blueschists of the Altınekin Complex,Konya area,south central Turkey

The Altınekin Complex in south central Turkey forms part of the south‐easterly extension of the Tavşanlı Zone, a Cretaceous subduction complex formed during the closure of the Neo‐Tethys ocean. The protoliths of metamorphic rocks within the Altınekin Complex include peridotites, chromitites, basalts, ferruginous cherts and flysch‐facies impure carbonate sediments. Structurally, the complex consists of a stack of thrust slices, with massive ophiolite tectonically overlying a Cretaceous sediment‐hosted ophiolitic mélange, in turn overlying a sequence of Mesozoic sediments. Rocks within the two lower structural units have undergone blueschist–facies metamorphism. Petrographic, mineral–chemical and thermobarometric studies were undertaken on selected samples of metasedimentary and metabasic rock in order to establish the time relations of deformation and metamorphism and to constrain metamorphic conditions. Microstructures record two phases of plastic deformation, one predating the metamorphic peak, and one postdating it. Estimated peak metamorphic pressures mostly fall in the range 9–11 kbar, corresponding to burial depths of 31–38 km, equivalent to the base of a continental crust of normal thickness. Best‐fit peak metamorphic temperatures range from 375 to 450°C. Metamorphic fluids had high H₂O:CO₂ ratios. Peak metamorphic temperature/depth ratios (T/d values) were low (c. 10–14°C/km), consistent with metamorphism in a subduction zone. Lawsonite‐bearing rocks in the southern part of the ophiolitic mélange record lower peak temperatures and T/d values than epidote blueschists elsewhere in the unit, hinting that the latter may consist of two or more thrust slices with different metamorphic histories. Differences in peak metamorphic conditions also exist between the ophiolitic mélange and the underlying metasediments. Rocks of the Altınekin Complex were subducted to much shallower depths, and experienced higher geothermal gradients, than those of the NW Tavşanlı Zone, possibly indicating dramatic lateral variation in subduction style. Retrograde P–T paths in the Altınekin Complex were strongly decompressive, resulting in localized overprinting of epidote blueschists by greenschist–facies assemblages, and of lawsonite blueschists by pumpellyite–facies assemblages. The observation that the second deformation was associated with decompression is consistent with, but not proof of, exhumation by a process that involved deformation of the hanging‐wall wedge, such as gravitational spreading, corner flow or buoyancy‐driven shallowing of the subduction zone. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湘东北幕阜山含绿帘石花岗闪长岩岩浆的上升速率：岩相学和矿物化学证据

出露于扬子地块东南缘的幕阜山复式岩体侵位年龄约为145Ma.该复式岩体的花岗闪长岩及其暗色微粒包体都含有独特的岩浆绿帘石.这些绿帘石呈自形晶,普遍发育熔蚀结构,部分具褐帘石核.微粒包体及花岗闪长岩中绿帘石的Ps值((100Fe3+/(Fe3++Al))均集中在26～28,TiO2含量小于0.2%,为典型的岩浆成因.岩相...     

木兰山蓝片岩中斜黝帘石—低铁绿帘石连生体的确定

电子探针和光学显微镜联合分析表明，木兰山蓝片岩中存在斜黝帘石－低铁绿帘石连生体。界面区Fe、Al元素的线扫描曲线研究表明，（Fe,Al)类质同象替代为连生体界面共晶膜的形成机制。木兰山蓝片岩中斜黝帘石－低铁绿帘石连生体的确定，说明电子探针和光学显微镜联合分析可有效确定光学性质和化学成分均相近的微细粒连生体的组成矿物，其结果对认识木兰山蓝片岩的变质演化具有指示意义。     

庐山“星子杂岩”中绿帘石花岗岩的定年和成因

庐山绿帘石花岗岩是“星子杂岩”的一部分,单颗粒错石U-Pb法定年表明其形成年龄为823±64Ma。绿帘石可能是在较高压力(0.5GPa)条件下,由岩浆结晶作用和岩浆自交代作用(角闪石的钾交代)形成的。绿帘石花岗岩的成岩年龄、岩石学和岩石化学特征表明,它可能是江南新元古代造山带造山晚期的产物。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷夏子街扇区三叠系百口泉组绿帘石分布特征及成因*

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷夏子街扇区三叠系百口泉组重矿物中绿帘石占绝对优势,且含量变化大。为了解研究区绿帘石的分布特征及其成因,利用重矿物、能谱及扫描电镜等资料,借助聚类分析和相关性分析等多元统计方法,对绿帘石的分布特征及成因进行了系统的研究。结果表明: (1)根据绿帘石含量可将研究区划分为绿帘石高值区、中值区和低值区;(2)绿帘石高值区位于扇三角洲前缘亚相,中值区和低值区主要位于扇三角洲平原亚相,且低值区比中值区更靠近物源;(3)绿帘石高值区不仅有岩浆绿帘石,自生绿帘石也普遍发育,因此绿帘石含量高;中值区绿帘石主要为岩浆绿帘石;低值区地层遭受了抬升剥蚀,溶蚀淋滤作用对搬运沉积的绿帘石破坏强烈,故显示低值。     

玉石新品种——绿帘石透闪石玉

绿帘石透闪石玉是市场上发现的一新品种,主体呈特征的黑绿色和黄绿色,商家称其为“青花玉”。采用薄片观察、电子探针、红外光谱等测试手段,对其样品的矿物学、宝石学、谱学特征进行了研究。结果显示,其主要矿物组成为透闪石和绿帘石,含有少量的石英、方解石、绿泥石、褐铁矿和榍石等,因此,将其定名为“青花玉”不恰当,建议定名为“绿帘石透闪石玉”。其结构致密,硬度高,是一种较好的玉石材料,以特征的颜色和结构易与其它玉石相区分。