鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系洛河组风成砂岩地球化学与物源区特征:以靖边县龙洲乡露头为例

通过镜下观察,岩石常量元素、稀土微量元素含量测定等手段对鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系洛河组风成砂岩进行实验分析,研究其地球化学和物源区特征。确定洛河组风成砂岩地球化学岩石类型为长石砂岩和亚长石砂岩,沉积物的成熟度较高;物源区为被动大陆边缘构造背景占主导地位的再旋回造山带,并含有大陆岛弧的特性;沉积物母岩为变质岩、沉积岩,并含少量的酸性、中基性岩浆岩;物源区气候寒冷干旱,为氧化环境,化学风化程度低。     

Discovery and Significance of Malan Loess on the Piedmont Plain in Pinggu District,Beijing

The platforms on both sides of the Malangou River （a lateral ditch of the Qingshui River that is a tributary of the Yongding River） where Malan Village in Zhaitang Town of Mentougou District of Beijing is located are the place of China＇s typical section of the Quaternary Malan loess. During the investigation in the eastern suburbs of Beijing City, the authors not only clarified 5 grades of terraces on the Pinggu piedmont plain, but also found a clayey silt section mixed with a small amount of alluvial-diluvial gravel layers at a height of 15-25 m above the river level near a Fishpond in Xinli Village of Nandule Town. Results of the study of grain size of the section document that the loess mostly is silty soil （0.05--0.005 mm）, and that the grain size probability cumulative curves of the section are dominated by single-peak, coarse-grained segment I and coarse-grained segment II types, reflecting that its depositional environment is similar to eolian phase. Identification results of heavy minerals from the section show that their contents account for 0.01%-0.11%, averaging 0.04%. There are 24 kinds of heavy minerals, most of which are stable heavy minerals, and the clay minerals mostly are illite, which is consistent with the Malan loess on the Loess Plateau. The chemical composition data reflect that the source area of the loess is relatively arid. The six grade classification of sporopollen in the section further shows the subdivision of the history of alternating warm and humid phases in this geological period. The thermoluminescence dating results range from 21.0 ka to 59.2 ka, convincingly demonstrating that the section indeed consists of Malan loess. The above studies provide a new basis for overall understanding of the distribution of the Malan loess at the northeast margin of the North China Plain and its environment change in the Late Pleistocene.     

A 300-kyr record of aridity and wind strength in southwestern Africa: inferences from grain-size distributions of sediments on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic

The terrigenous fraction of sediments recovered from Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean, reveals a history of southwestern African climate of the last 300 kyr. End-member modelling of a data set of grain-size distributions (n=428) results in three end members. The two coarsest end members are interpreted as eolian dust, the third end member as hemipelagic mud. The ratio of the two eolian end members reflects the eolian grain size and is attributed to the intensity of the SE trade winds. Trade winds were intensified during glacials compared to interglacials. Changes in the ratio of the two eolian end members over the hemipelagic one are interpreted as variations in southwestern African aridity. Late Quaternary southwestern African climate was relatively arid during the interglacial stages and relatively humid during the glacial stages, owing to meridional shifts in the atmospheric circulation system. During glacials the polar front shifted equatorward, resulting in a northward displacement of the zone of westerlies, causing increased rainfall in southwestern Africa. The equatorward shift of the polar front is coupled with an increase of the meridional pressure gradient, leading to enhanced atmospheric circulation and increased trade-wind intensity.     

中国亚热带风尘沉积物磁学特征对比研究

中国亚热带地区的风尘沉积包括均质红土、黄棕色土、网纹红土和下蜀土等不同类型沉积层.本文选择江西九江(JL)、浙江浦江(PJ)和江苏新港(XG-3)3个剖面,进行了多种磁学参数测量.研究结果表明:1)黄棕色土与网纹红土在剖面上叠加组成加积型红土剖面构型,两者的磁性矿物含量、类型和磁畴的差异,导致磁化率的不同.黄棕色土磁化率高,磁性矿物含量高,磁性颗粒以细小的亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主.根据半定量估算,黄棕色土样品中SP颗粒含量大多介于50％ ～ 75％之间,其中的古土壤样品SP颗粒含量多数大于75％.网纹红土磁化率低,磁性矿物含量低,磁性颗粒粒径较黄棕色土粗,矿物类型以不完整反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿为主.2)下蜀黄土具有较高的x,xfd,SIRM和xARM;x和xfd呈正相关关系(r2 =0.87),黄土层的xARM/SIRM与xARM/x远低于古土壤,反映除较细的粒度组分外,还有较粗的PSD/MD颗粒存在.细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物对磁化率贡献较大.3)据磁学参数辅以其他理化指标推测,黄棕色土与下蜀黄土形成环境与现在亚热带环境类似,但黄棕色土以较低的粉砂与粘土比值反映其化学风化作用较下蜀黄土强,显示了一定的纬度效应.4)广泛分布于亚热带地区的网纹红土磁学特征类同,粒度组成和地球化学指标也相似,反映形成时期区域内的自然要素的地带性分异不及今日明显.另一方面,网纹红土中较高的HIRM、矫顽力和居里温度指示其含有较多的赤铁矿,而且磁性矿物颗粒较其上的黄棕色土粗,全铁含量略高于黄棕色土,87Sr/86Sr比值也较黄棕色土高,所有这些都佐证网纹红土与黄棕色土可能具有不完全相同的物质来源.     

对塔里木盆地南缘绿洲可持续发展的思考与建议

基于策勒国家野外站长期监测与研究成果,以塔里木盆地南缘绿洲可持续发展为主题,总结分析指出,当前绿洲可持续发展的核心还是以水资源为主线的绿洲适宜规模开发。在认识论层面,需要对绿洲化进行再认识,强调荒漠化与绿洲化的本质统一,即在极端干旱背景下,荒漠化或风沙危害加剧的深层原因还是绿洲"入侵"的不合理性。在方法论层面,需要重视绿洲规模不确定性的本质特征,并在充分考虑自然与社会各模块基础上,提出绿洲适宜规模不确定性的概念模型。最后,强调多学科交叉、长期监测网络在绿洲研究中的重要性。总之,解决新疆极端干旱背景下风沙危害治理、实现绿洲生态稳定与可持续发展的核心问题是探寻绿洲与荒漠共存的平衡点(阈),进而对绿洲持续利用与保护提供理论依据和决策支持     

陇西盆地末次冰期黄土粒度特征及其环境意义

顺着风成堆积物搬运的主导方向,对黄土高原西部的末次冰期以来的24个风成堆积物剖面的粒度进行了系统分析,对比各个粒度指标,分析了粒度的空间分布特征,提取了最为敏感的粒度指标,并在南北向大断面上建立了砂的百分含量与沙漠距离的数学模型,该模型与黄土高原中部有所不同。     

Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the mid-late Quaternary sediments of the western Philippine Sea and their paleoenvironmental significance

Based on a δ18O chronology,rare earth elements(REE) and other typical elements in sediments from core MD06-3047 in the western Philippine Sea were analyzed to constrain the provenances of the sediments and investigate quantitative changes in the Asian eolian input to the study area over the last 700 ka.Among the competing processes that might affect REE compositions,sediment provenance is the most important one.Provenance analysis suggests that the study sediments have two provenance end-members;local volcanic sources are dominant,and eolian dust from the Asian continent has a smaller contribution.During glacial periods,eolian input to the western Philippine Sea was enhanced.In contrast,material supply from local volcanics increased during interglacial periods.Changes in eolian input to the study area were probably related to the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) as well as aridity in the Asian continent on an orbital time scale,and were partly influenced by local control factors on shorter time scales.Therefore,we propose that the present study expands the application of the REE-based method for quantitatively estimating the eolian component from the mid-latitude northern Pacific to the low-latitude western Pacific.Additionally,the study preliminarily confirms the influence of EAWM-transported eolian material on sedimentation in the western Philippine Sea since 700 ka.     

塔里木盆地西南部早白垩世风成沙丘古风向测量与古风带恢复

本文通过对塔里木盆地西南部早白垩世风成沙丘的前积层产状的测量,恢复了当时的古风向和古风带.研究结果表明:当时盛行东北风,研究区属于东北信风带,正好位于北半球中低纬度沙漠带之中.     

中国沙漠地区风积沙路基强度参数试验研究——以塔克拉玛干、毛乌素沙漠公路为例

在中国沙漠地区选取典型路段,对风积沙路基进行强度测定。通过现场承载板试验,并分析已有的各种资料,发现野外实测的风积沙路基回弹模量普遍较高,明显高于现行有关规范推荐的砂性土或土质砂的路基回弹模量建议值,高出部分多在30%以上,已经明显地对路基路面的结构设计产生了不利影响。在此基础上,为能充分利用风积沙的强度特性,降低沙漠公路造价,通过进一步分析,提出了中国各主要沙漠地区及不同等级公路的风积沙路基回弹模量设计值。     

辽西金羊盆地南部陆相红层土城子组旋回层序划分及盆地演化

辽西金羊盆地南部陆相红层土城子组较为发育,其沉积物具明显旋回性。根据岩石组合、结构、构造、沉积相及环境变化等分析,土城子组自下而上可划分为一个Ⅱ级旋回层序、两个Ⅲ级旋回层序、五个Ⅳ级旋回层序、十六个Ⅴ级旋回层序及若干个Ⅵ级旋回层序。在区域构造作用下,金羊盆地在土城子期经历了两次湖扩张→湖萎缩过程,分别对应下部的冲积扇→干化湖和上部的冲积扇→风成沙漠→河流环境。