兰州市大气降尘环境磁学特征研究

应用环境磁学方法系统研究了兰州市区大气自然降尘的磁学特征（包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线）。结果表明：兰州市大气降尘中磁性矿物含量较高,磁参数的贡献主要来自磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,磁性矿物的粒度较粗,为准单畴颗粒;兰州市大气污染严重,磁化率等磁学参数较好地反映了兰州市大气污染状况;兰州市空气污染防治近年来已取得了一定成效,空气质量有了较大改善,冬季污染在逐年减轻,而夏季污染变化不大。环境磁学作为一种简单、快速且无破坏性的研究手段,可以为城市污染防治研究提供许多有价值的信息。     

西藏米林地区湖积物的磁性特征及其古气候意义

米林地区雅鲁藏布江三级河流阶地上发育厚达52.2m的晚更新世晚期深-浅湖相和滨-浅湖相沉积物, 显示当时米林地区存在一个规模较大的古堰塞湖.为了探讨该套湖积物记录的古气候、古环境信息, 在米林机场剖面采集了259块定向样品进行环境磁学测试和分析.其中, 磁组构分析表明86%的样品具有原生磁组构, 它们的最大磁化率主轴κ₁指示米林古堰塞湖的物源经历了由南、北方向到西、北东再至西向这一大致顺时针方向变化的趋势, 可能与该区的差异隆升作用有关.研究剖面的天然剩余磁化强度 (NRM) 和体积磁化率 (κ) 变化曲线与沉积物的粒度、沉积相关系密切, 反映该区晚更新世晚期至少经历了4次显著的气候波动;同时, NRM、κ波动曲线能够很好地对应于格陵兰冰心GISP2的δ18O曲线IS1-IS6和IS8, 并记录了新仙女木事件 (YD) 和3次Heinrich事件 (H1, H2, H3) , 表明米林地区晚更新世晚期的气候变化受到全球气候系统影响.      

内蒙古查汗套海滩生态建设区地下水流动系统

内蒙古查汗套海滩生态建设区地下水潜水流动系统由上更新统冲积层孔隙潜水流动子系统（Q₃^al）、中更新统冲积层孔隙潜水流动子系统（Q₂^al）、基岩孔隙潜水流动子系统、全新统风成砂孔隙潜水流动子系统（Q₄^eol）以及全新统冲积孔隙潜水流动子系统（Q₄^al）组成.其中主要开采地下水目的层为Q₃^al,其他子系统都为Q₃^al子系统地下水的补给系统之一.Q₃^al、Q₄^eol及基岩潜水流动子系统都接受大气降水入渗补给,最终通过Q₃^al的东侧边界排入黄河.在天然条件下,Q₃^al子系统在洪峰、凌汛期受黄河水补给,其他时期排泄于黄河.     

黄土不同指标的古环境意义探讨

在确认“黄土也是古土壤”的前提下,对新近发现的位于黄土高原西北部沙漠黄土边界带的彭阳剖面进行了烧失量、色度、磁化率、粒度、CaCO3等环境变化代用指标的系统测试。通过建立土壤发育指数和红化指数,探讨了各指标与古土壤发育强度之间的关系。根据古土壤的发育强度,初步建立了800 ka BP生态脆弱区的高分辨率环境图谱。此图谱与公认的海洋氧同位素曲线、洛川剖面可以进行良好的对比,并揭示出更多的环境变化信息。     

兰州南北两山绿化区植物与植被类型初查

通过对兰州南北两山环境绿化工程区进行植物、植被类型调查,结果表明：该项目区内植物资源相对丰富,有植物185种,分属于56科;区内植物生长状况良好,植物群落趋向多元化,且稳定性增加;按照植物群落学—生态学原则,并参考中国植被分类系统,将工程区内植被类型划分为９种类型,即 2种天然植被类型和7种人工植被类型。根据当前所造林分多为结构单一的纯林的现状,认为今后在南北两山进行植树造林应考虑营造混交林,以提高林分稳定性和抵御病虫害的能力,并积极采用人工措施促进森林更新。     

深圳地铁一期工程浅埋暗挖施工地层变形模式

基于城市地下工程浅埋暗挖法施工的地层变形特点,提出了地层整体下沉和抽冒式地层变形的模式,分别建立了相应的力学模型,给出了相应地层变形模式下的稳定性特点和地层沉降曲线,并对其主要影响因素进行了分析。该模型可以较好地解释不同地层的变形特点和规律,分别揭示了黏性土和砂性土地层条件下产生大变形及地面坍塌的机理,指出地层变形通常是由结构层的失稳和破坏所致,并且在整体沉降模式下结构层表现为梁式结构,而抽冒型变形模式下结构层则表现为压力拱结构,因此,梁/拱结构的稳定性是地表沉降控制的核心。梁式结构层控制的重点是梁端支承点的加固和离层区域的及时补充注浆,而拱式结构控制的重点则是拱角地层的稳定性。由此可为地层变形的控制和环境评价标准的制定提供依据。结合深圳地铁一期工程6标段和3A标段的典型条件,分别针对整体沉降和抽冒结构模式成功地进行了地层变形控制实践,取得了理想的效果。同时也为深圳地铁及城市地下工程施工地层控制标准的制定提供了有益的建议。该成果对城市地下工程的环境控制具有普遍的指导意义和借鉴作用。     

烟台市地震环境评定与抗震防灾对策

分析了烟台市区的地震环境特点和地震活动态势 ,研究了烟台市区抗震防灾的现状与问题 ,并提出抗震防灾的对策与建议。     

Globalized conflicts of discourse: the type of conflict of proxies*

The article describes a new form of transnational environmental conflict that developed in the wake of globalisation. Activist in this new type of conflict still act as proxies of groups under pressure but in contrast to transnational environmental conflicts hitherto the target of their protests is rather their own society at home than the location of the pressured group. Despite these conditions it is claimed that this type of metaphorical conflict is going to become more frequent as alliances are built along the oppostion to a dominant discourse. According to the model, conflicts of values are easier to transfer on stages abroad or across the Atlantic than conflicts of interests and motivation for activists is higher as the return is affecting their home society. Dynamic and features of this type of conflict are explained with help of discourse theory.     

Climate impacts of environmental degradation in Sudan

There exists an impressive amount of work for Sudan showing the anthropogenic degradation of natural vegetation cover. However, there are few examples of consequent climatic changes in literature. This work, thus, seeks to assess such effects of environmental forcing on various climatic patterns over the past few decades. Within the frame of the present analysis, the results are quite striking and are in concordance with scientific contentions that such land degradation could result in climatic modification. Higher temperature and less rainfall, sunshine duration and global radiation have been noticed. Evapotranspiration has responded more to the warming and drying conditions, thus showed signs of increasing rates, especially during the wet season. However, the extent of increase seems to have been suppressed by the decrease in sunshine duration and solar radiation as well as the inconsistent behaviour of wind speed. Changes in the variability of the within-year monthly observations have also occurred, thus suggesting an increase in the occurrence of extremes. The observed climatic modification in the country has exaggerated the insidious drought conditions. The present findings are hoped to contribute to our understanding of the effects of environmental problem and assist in considering policy responses. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New developments in and reflections on, the use of visual literacy and environmental evaluation for the participation of community groups in design

Involving community groups in the design processes concerning their city or neighbourhood, can play a role in creating responsive environments and achieving a high level of satisfaction for communities.Interaction between clients and professionals is essential to encourage the resolution of disputes at the design stage rather than once actions have been taken, since their different roles and expertise could enrich the process of interaction.This study supports the idea of a form of participation based on research in environmental experience. Visual literacy is trained, and a combination of environmental assessment techniques and informative activities are linked to encourage community groups and professionals to work together on the generation and development of observational and analytical skills.The aim is to generate a structure for the involvement of local communities in urban renewal actions as an informed, organised and effective activity and then, to apply this approach in praxis.