最近十年来中国地理科学的进展

最近十年来中国地理科学的最重要进展有:自然地理学与人文地理学的平衡发展,人口、资源、环境的研究,遥感的应用与地理信息系统的建立,自然地理定位观测,青藏高原隆起对自然环境的影响,城市与城市规划,中国历史地理研究等。最近,并已开始研究气候变化与海平面上升对中国的影响,使我国地理科学研究紧紧跟上世界发展的步伐。     

兰坪—思茅盆地古新统粘土矿物研究与成盐环境探讨

云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国重要的成钾盆地,对盆地内勐野井组层位的泥砾岩段(成盐阶段)粘土样品进行XRD分析;同时对滇中楚雄盆地的相同层位(元永井组)粘土样品进行了XRD对比分析。实验结果表明,兰坪—思茅盆地内的样品中粘土矿物组合为伊利石+绿泥石,表明了在成盐阶段较为干旱的古气候条件与较高的古盐度;而楚雄盆地一平浪样品中除伊利石+绿泥石组合外,还含有伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物,反映了当时的古气候条件与兰坪—思茅盆地相比较为湿润。通过计算样品中各种粘土矿物的相对含量,指出兰坪—思茅盆地成盐阶段更晚,成盐作用更强。结合前人的研究成果探讨了兰坪—思茅盆地的成盐环境,指出盆地南部卤水较北部浓缩程度更高,南部成盐条件优于北部。     

黄河源地区草地退化空间特征

利用黄河源地区1985年和2000年1：100000土地利用／覆被数据,结合1：250000DEM、道路和居民点数据与野外调查资料,分析草地退化与坡向、海拔及距道路和居民点距离之间的关系．探讨黄河源区15年间土地覆被变化特征与规律。结果表明,退化草地占源区总面积的8．24％,冬春季牧场退化率显著高于夏季牧场：草地退化是黄河源区研究时段内土地利用／覆被变化最主要的特征。草地退化表现为：①阳坡退化率高于阴坡;②受人口密度影响,草地退化率与海拔高度成反比,相关系数为．0．925;③距离居民点越近。退化率越高。尤其当与居民点距离≤12km时,草地退化率与其相关系数高达-0．996;④在距道路4km以内．草地退化率与道路距离成反比．相关系数高达-0．978。1985年以来,源区的草地退化有自然因素的影响．但人类活动的影响仍起主导作用。科学地减少当地居民对草地的过分依赖是解决脆弱的江河源区环境退化的根本。     

人类活动对塔里木河年径流影响量的估算

塔里木河流域与环境的研究，一直是近年来新疆环境演化和可持续发展研究的热点问题。大规模的区域开发活动对该流域生态环境产生了根本性的影响，区域整体生态环境趋于恶化。本文通过对年径流量累积曲线和年径流量的相关分析，估算出人类活动对塔里木河各河段的年径流量变化及其对生态环境造成的影响。     

小牛煤矿晚二叠世含煤地层沉积环境与聚煤规律

小牛煤矿位于贵州省内水城矿区的格目底向斜东段北翼,含煤地层为晚二叠世龙潭组,含煤性好。通过对小牛煤矿含煤地层及其含煤性的研究,确定了研究区的沉积环境是海陆过渡相中的三角洲沉积类型,并初步建立了沉积模式,龙潭早期和晚期均有较好的聚煤作用发生并叠加,是聚煤的最佳场所,含煤性最好。     

柴达木盆地马海钾盐矿床沉积环境与开发

马海钾矿床是柴达木盆地内重要的盐类矿床之一。从盐类矿床沉积物的物相分析入手,着重揭示该成盐盆地沉积环境和古地理变迁特征,论述湖盆由形成、发展至老化衰亡的演变规律,反映了从上新世末期以来新构造运动在矿区地质构造上的典型表现,由这些成矿因素构建的矿床地质构造特征也得到总结。依照持续稳定发展的要求,就矿床开发过程中出现的急功近利局面,提出调整产品结构和重新布局开采对象的新策略,对企业生产实践具有指导意义。     

Scale effects in food environment research: Implications from assessing socioeconomic dimensions of supermarket accessibility in an eight-county region of South Carolina

Choice of neighborhood scale affects associations between environmental attributes and health-related outcomes. This phenomenon, a part of the modifiable areal unit problem, has been described fully in geography but not as it relates to food environment research. Using two administrative-based geographic boundaries (census tracts and block groups), supermarket geographic measures (density, cumulative opportunity and distance to nearest) were created to examine differences by scale and associations between three common U.S. Census–based socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics (median household income, percentage of population living below poverty and percentage of population with at least a high school education) and a summary neighborhood SES z-score in an eight-county region of South Carolina. General linear mixed-models were used. Overall, both supermarket density and cumulative opportunity were higher when using census tract boundaries compared to block groups. In analytic models, higher median household income was significantly associated with lower neighborhood supermarket density and lower cumulative opportunity using either the census tract or block group boundaries, and neighborhood poverty was positively associated with supermarket density and cumulative opportunity. Both median household income and percent high school education were positively associated with distance to nearest supermarket using either boundary definition, whereas neighborhood poverty had an inverse association. Findings from this study support the premise that supermarket measures can differ by choice of geographic scale and can influence associations between measures. Researchers should consider the most appropriate geographic scale carefully when conducting food environment studies.     

河北唐山地区中寒武统张夏组鲕粒灰岩的岩石学研究

本区张夏组鲕粒灰岩内,广泛见到细径放射鲕和较粗的同心-放射鲕.放射鲕中存在连生体,我们称之“连生鲕”.与赵震等(1984)人工合成的静水鲕对比,区内放射鲕亦系静水条件下生成;因未见长串连生体,仅呈现数鲕(2—4个)连生,表明鲕粒生成后遭到搅动水拆开.由此可以认为,本组鲕粒灰岩属间歇高能成因模式的产物。又按该类岩石显示的成岩特征,可知本区鲕粒灰岩经历过多种成岩环境,至今仍保留较为明显的大气成岩环境的标志.     

Late Glacial and Holocene environmental history of the Pirin Mountains (SW Bulgaria): a paleolimnological study of Lake Dalgoto (2310 m)

Diatoms, Cladocera, and chironomids preserved in the sediments of Lake Dalgoto were studied to reconstruct the history of the lake ecosystem in the context of the vegetation history as represented by the pollen stratigraphy. Younger Dryas silty sediments at the base of the core are characterized by low diversity of aquatic organisms. The transition to the Holocene is indicated by a sharp change from silt to clay-gyttja. The migration and expansion of trees at lower elevations between 10200 and 8500 ¹⁴C-yr BP, along with higher diversities and concentrations of aquatic organisms and the decreased proportion of north-alpine diatoms, point to rapidly rising summer temperatures. After 6500 ¹⁴C-yr BP the expansion of Pinus mugo in the catchment coincides with signs of natural eutrophication as recorded by an increase of planktonic diatoms. In the late Holocene (4000–0 ¹⁴C-yr BP) Pinus peuce and Abies are reduced and Picea expands. Cereal grains and disturbance indicators suggest late-Holocene human modification of the vegetation.     

塔里木河中下游区域开发对生态环境的影响及生态环境恢复与重建对策——以尉犁县为例

随着塔里木河流域进入大规模开发时期，区域开发活动对该流域生态环境的演变产生了重大的影响，虽然绿洲内部产出大幅度增加，但整体生态环境趋向恶化，制约了区域社会经济的可持续发展。以塔里木河中下游尉犁县为例，从分析区域开发活动入手，总结了区域开发对区域生态环境影响的有利与不利方面，进而，讨论了区域生态环境恢复与重建的对策。