Visualisation of bacterial degradation and mobilisation of oil in a porous medium

 Bacterial interaction with oil and sea water, in a porous medium, was studied using a transparent micro model mounted on a cybernetic-controlled positioning board of an inverted microscope. This was interfaced with computer-operated image analysis and surveillance equipment. Consecutive flooding of the model allowed oil to become trapped by capillary forces. Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were inoculated. The interaction of biofilm and oil was monitored during a period of 25 days, while mineral salts were supplied intermittently. A unique feature of biofilm behaviour was discovered. The phenomenon is discussed, and calculations are presented. A possible explanation of the phenomenon appears to be local reductions of the surface tension. The phenomenon helps explain why bacteria are able to mobilise oil trapped by capillary forces without reducing the interfacial tension to a level that leads to an increase in the capillary number sufficient to explain incremental oil recovery. The experimental design is believed to be suitable for studying biofilm behaviour on the pore level. Received: 26 January 1998 · Accepted: 9 July 1998     

公路桥梁地震易损性和震后恢复过程

采用专家调查的方式,统计的我国各种主要公路桥梁在不同烈度的地震发生后可能遭受的结构破坏和功能损失,以及地震发生后所需要的恢复时间。通过分析,给出了大、中、小种规模的斜拉、悬索、板梁式和拱式桥梁的结构破坏概率矩阵、设施损失率、功能损失率分布、损失功能恢复所需要的时间和桥梁在遭受破坏期间所损失的工作日数,并将研究结果与唐山地震之后的实际调查结果进行了对比,得到了一些有益的结果。     

滇池水生植物恢复计划

The specific methods used for recovery of the aquatic ecological system in the shallow lake are proposed. This research has been done from three aspects:1) the design of the species used for the ecological recovery; 2) the design of optimization and allocation of the aquatic communities; and 3) the design of regional arrangement of the aquatic communities. On the basis of research, the pioneer plant and the species used to establish the communities are proposed. The aquatic plant allocation focuses on the emergent aquatic plant and submergent aquatic plant. Meanwhile, the regional arrangement has been done in the aquatic plant recovery area in the Caohai Lake and the east west bank of the outer lake.     

卫星测高技术应用研究回顾与展望

简要介绍了笔者所在单位近十年来密切跟踪世界发展动态,灵活运用高新技术,致力于卫星测高技术应用研究所取得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的成果,这些成果主要包括四个方面：卫星测高径向轨道误差时域和空域特征分析、卫星测高反演海洋重力场、卫星测高反演海底地形以及利用测高重力异常扩展超高阶地球位模型研究成果。最后对这一研究领域未来的发展方向作了展望。     

基于扩展关系模型的整体空间数据管理

空间数据模型和数据管理是地理信息系统 (GIS)最重要的研究领域之一。该文介绍一体化的数据模型———扩展关系模型和以此为基础的 ,由作者设计的GIS软件原型系统———GEODBMS。GEODBMS使用统一的数据库管理系统 (DBMS)同时管理图形和属性数据 ;使用改进的四叉树———交叠四叉树索引空间目标 ;使用扩展的SQL语言进行空间查询 ;使用数据恢复和并发控制方法来加强分布式环境下数据的安全性和一致性维护     

超富营养城市湖泊原位生态修复效果分析——以武汉南湖为例

城市湖泊普遍面临富营养化问题,许多湖泊甚至处于超富营养状态。鉴于其在供水、气候调节、景观提升等方面的重要作用,以水质提升为目标的生态修复对于恢复湖泊生态功能、提升城市景观等具有重要意义。文章以超富营养城市湖泊——武汉南湖为例,尝试通过围隔构建、鱼类清除、水生植被重建等生态措施改善示范区水质,探究超富营养湖泊生态修复技术。于2019年8月至12月在示范区进行实验。结果表明：（1）示范区修复措施实施后,挺水植物植株高度显著增加（P<0.01）,芦苇平均株高由0.7 m增加至1.2 m,香蒲的新生叶片在种植后50 d高达1.4 m,二者在种植后90 d,覆盖率均由种植时的10%上升至70%;（2）示范区内透明度由修复前的0.26 m上升至0.77 m,显著高于外湖区（0.26 m）（P<0.01）;（3）示范区内浮游藻类叶绿素a（chl a）由修复前38.90 μg/L降低至3.41 μg/L,显著低于外湖区（101.91μg/L）（P<0.01）;（4）示范区总氮（TN）由4.78 mg/L降低至2.60 mg/L,总磷（TP）由0.76 mg/L降低至0.08 mg/L,二者均略低于外湖区,但均不显著（P>0.05）。总体来看,经过一系列修复措施后,示范区内水生植被得到很好的恢复,水质条件得到一定的改善：透明度提升较多,chl a下降明显。氮、磷等营养水平虽然也有所降低,但与外湖区差异不大,可能是沉积物内源营养释放导致。研究表明,围隔构建、鱼类清除、水生植被重建等生态修复措施虽然可在一定程度上改善富营养湖泊水质状况,但未能有效控制内源负荷,仍需采取底质改良措施以达到降低水体营养含量的目的。相关研究结果可为城市超富营养湖泊生态修复及水质提升提供一定的借鉴。     

鲁科一井上白垩统沉积岩岩石磁学和天然剩磁分析:兼论利用剩磁方向恢复钻孔岩芯原始方位的可行性

本文对"鲁科一井"(CCSD-LK-Ⅰ)768.9~1112.3m之间的上白垩统沉积岩样品进行了岩石磁学、磁化率各向异性(AMS)以及天然剩磁组分的研究.在此基础上,分析了利用特征剩磁(ChRM)和黏滞剩磁(VRM)方向恢复岩芯原始方位的可行性.三轴等温剩磁热退磁曲线、磁滞回线、反向场退磁曲线、一阶反转曲线等岩石磁学测量结果表明,沉积岩的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿.335块样品的AMS测量结果表明磁化率椭球主轴的最大轴K1和中间轴K2与水平面夹角较小,最小轴K3接近垂直于水平面分布,说明沉积岩保留了原始沉积磁组构特征.系统热退磁实验表明,多数样品在25~350℃和500~690℃温度段分别获得VRM和ChRM分量.利用ChRM偏角方向,并考虑构造旋转量校正,对VRM偏角方向进行恢复,Fisher统计得到DVRM=-1.3°,IVRM=59.6°,与当地现代地磁场方向(D=-6.7°,I=53.9°)基本一致.用ChRM偏角方向对磁化率主轴K1偏角方向进行校正,校正的结果为:D_(ch_K1)=349.2°,I_(ch_K1)=-0.7°.本文研究结果对于地质勘探中利用古地磁学方法恢复钻孔岩芯原始方位具有一定参考意义.     

Coupling relationship between reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation of Dongling,Changling fault depression,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the southern Songliao Basin is the typical tight oil sandstone in China. In order to better predict the petrophysical properties of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation, Songliao Basin, Northeast China, the diagenesis and porosity evolution was investigated using a suite of petrographic and geochemical techniques including thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion and fluid inclusion analysis, on a set of selected tight sandstone samples. Combined with the histories of burial evolution, organic matter thermal evolution and hydrocarbon charge, the matching relationship between reservoir porosity evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation history is analyzed. The result showed that the tight sandstone reservoirs characterized of being controlled by deposition, predominated by compaction, improved by dissolution and enhanced by cementation. The hydrocarbon accumulation period was investigated using a suite of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history, microfluorescence determination and temperature measurement technology. According to the homogenization temperature of the inclusions and the history of burial evolution, Yingcheng Formation has mainly two phases hydrocarbon accumulation. The first phase of oil and gas is charged before the reservoir is tightened, the oil and gas generated by Shahezi source rocks enter the sand body of Yingcheng Formation, influenced by the carrying capability of sand conducting layer, oil and gas is mainly conducted by the better properties and higher connectivity sand body and enriched in the east, which belongs to the type of densification after hydrocarbon accumulation. The second phase of oil and gas charge after densification, which belongs to the type of densification before the hydrocarbon accumulation.     

山西省大同市新荣区石墨矿岩石矿物地球化学特征与成因

山西省大同市新荣区石墨矿带总体呈北东—南西向展布, 长约22 km, 赋矿层位为中下太古界右所堡组, 岩性为含石墨黑云斜长片麻岩。目前该矿带上已有7个勘查区, 累计查明晶质石墨矿物资源量约 5000万吨, 但对其矿床成因类型研究相对较少。本文收集整理和分析总结了区域内地质资料及化验分析结果, 采用变质岩原岩恢复的四种方法确定该矿带的成因: 从石墨矿带的矿体产状和岩石组合、岩相学和矿物学特征定性判断该矿带矿床为沉积岩区域深变质成矿类型; 矿体样品地球化学微量元素比值(Sr:Ba等)符合副变质岩特征; 稀土元素配分曲线及其研究表明矿体及围岩具有沉积岩变质特征; 以TiO2-F图解、[(al+fm)–(c+alk)]/Si图解以及(al-alk):c图解展示的岩石化学特征半定量地确认新荣区石墨矿带矿床为以黏土岩为主的区域变质成矿。新荣区石墨矿带成因类型的确定填补了该区域矿床成因类型研究的空白, 为下一步地质找矿及建模提供了重要依据; 三种图解相结合, 逐步缩小原岩范围, 锁定原岩类型, 为变质岩原岩恢复及矿床成因研究提供了新的思路和判别方法。     

Chemical Procedures for Rhenium Extraction from Geological Samples: Optimising the Anion Resin Bead Clean‐up Step

Rhenium–osmium geochronometry for samples with low Re and complex matrices requires improved Re extraction methods. Here, we investigate plausible controls on efficiency and efficacy of Re extraction during our anion resin bead purification. Four different protocols are compared, each isolating a single variable to test. Rhenium concentrations for solutions at each step of each protocol document differences in chemical recovery/yield. The negative‐thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) signal intensity serves as a proxy for Re yield and purity. These data document correlations between the N‐TIMS signal intensity and (a) the duration of anion resin bead conditioning prior to loading with Re‐bearing solution, and (b) both duration and strength of nitric acid used during rinsing of the Re‐loaded anion resin bead. The optimal protocol improved Re signal intensity around fourteen times compared with our current Re extraction protocol, an aggregate of 2.4 times improvement in chemical recovery (yield) and 5.8 times improvement in emission efficiency (purity). Repeated N‐TIMS isotopic measurements on our in‐house Re standard solution (1407) verify that our optimal protocol‐3 does not fractionate Re isotopes. The improved anion resin bead method considerably lowers the Re detection limit and allows Re‐Os isotopic analysis of picogram‐level Re hosted in geological samples with complex matrices.