液氮消过冷雾对冷云催化增雨的启示

对用液氮消过冷雾和冷云催化增雨作业的宏、微观条件进行比较，找出其异同点，并根据消冷雾作业所出现的物理响应推演冷云催化后应出现的结果，以弥补飞机云中催化后缺少直接观测资料的缺陷，进而对液氮（LN）增雨效果进行探讨。     

二维能量平衡模式中大气温度对二氧化碳增温效应的响应

利用一个考虑了辐射能传输的二维能量平衡气候模式,解析地分析了二氧化碳浓度改变后冰界纬度的变化,得到了冰界纬度随CO2浓度变化的关系以及全球平均温度的变化曲线.结果表明,当CO2浓度由工业革命前的280×10-6增加到700×10-6时,冰界仅后退(北半球向北)几个纬度;当CO2的浓度继续增加时,冰界纬度会加速向极地退缩,直至出现全球无极冰覆盖的现象.同样地,当CO2浓度由280×10-6增加到700×10-6时,全球地表平均温度虽然在增加,但增加的速率很小,并且增加的速率在减小,而当大于700×10-6之后,温度增加的速率会快速增大,温度将加速上升.对不同反照率进行敏感性试验,发现当反照率从0.1到0.32时,结果并没有显著地改变,即结果对反照率的变化并不敏感.这一计算结果表明,在目前的状态下,由CO2引起的增温作用似乎处于变化很小的准饱和状态,即目前气候不会因为CO2浓度的增加而迅速变暖.较为实际的情形可能是大气温度在缓慢增加到一定程度后才会迅速升高.这并不意味着可以忽视CO2的增温效应,因为根据计算结果,这个临界值大概在700×10-6左右,当CO2浓度增加到超过临界值之后,气温会剧烈上升,气候将会处在一个非常温暖的阶段.     

原油族组分成气的化学动力学模型及其标定

利用等温密封热解实验技术及恒速升温热解实验与PY—GC分析技术的结合,本文分别建立并标定了原油中各族组分,即饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质成气的化学动力学模型。结果表明,原油中不同族组分成气的过程均可用平行一级反应描述,但不同组分在平均活化能及活化能分布上有明显的差异。各族组分在地史过程中成气的过程可由各自的化学动力学模型来描述。这将使原油成气过程的定量、动态描述成为可能。     

绿泥石包壳对碎屑岩储层物性的影响及其形成环境--以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田上古生界为例

以大牛地气田含绿泥石胶结物样品为研究对象,结合国内外研究现状,研究绿泥石包壳的成因及其对储层物性的影响,并探讨其环境指示意义.大牛地气田的绿泥石包壳形成于成岩作用早期,厚10~20 μm,由原生粒间孔的边缘向中心晶形渐好,颗粒渐大.据铁质来源绿泥石包壳可分为原地和异地成因,原地成因由先体黏土矿物和岩屑溶解未排出的富铁流体生成,一般以混层黏土和晶体较小的包壳形式存在;异地成因是富铁矿物及岩屑溶蚀、溶解形成的富铁流体通过河流异地絮凝沉淀生成,结晶充分、晶形好.绿泥石包壳的储层保护机理为:①抑制石英次生加大;②增加矿物颗粒间抗压实强度,抑制压溶作用;③抑制碳酸盐胶结,促进溶蚀作用.大牛地气田的绿泥石包壳主要发育于盒一段(63%)和山二段,当其含量在15%以下时,孔隙度随绿泥石含量的增高呈线性递增.绿泥石包壳可作为三角洲(辫状河三角洲)前缘水下分流河道(水下辫状河道)等强水动力条件的微观相标志.     

深部探测揭示壳幔结构及其资源能源效应——“中国大陆典型地区深部地质调查”专辑特邀主编寄语

地球深部结构变化、物质以及能量交换等地球动力学过程,是地球系统最主要的动力来源,诱发地表地貌变化、剥蚀、沉积作用和环境变迁,以及地震、滑坡等自然灾害,控制化石能源和地热等自然资源的分布,是理解成山、成盆、成岩、成矿、成藏和致灾等过程成因机制的核心。为探索中国大陆深部结构和资源能源效应,在党中央“向地球深部进军”的号召下,中国地质调查局于2016年开始设立了深部地质调查工程。工程以抢占大陆基础地质研究国际制高点,引领深部地质研究前沿为宗旨,选择我国资源、能源重要基地,重大地质边界和关键构造单元,开展了地球物理为主的深部探测和综合研究。获取了华南陆块等重要地质单元岩石圈精细结构,研究了班公湖—怒江缝合带重大地质边界性质及空间展布,在松辽盆地、西北盆山结合带等地发现和提取了一批与深部成矿、成藏和清洁能源有关信息。为进一步推动地质调查向深部进军,促进从二维地表地质调查到三维空间地质调查的转变,《地球学报》组织了“中国大陆典型地区深部地质调查”专辑。本专辑集中报道了深部地质调查近三年取得的部分阶段性进展和成果,主要聚焦深部地质调查在揭示地球深部结构,及其对浅部构造和资源能源的控制,服务地球深部探...     

不同构造参数对圆环耗能器性能的影响分析

设计了13组不同构造参数的圆环耗能器,采用ABAQUS软件对安装在支撑框架结构中的圆环耗能器进行参数分析,研究圆环钢板厚度、圆环外直径、支撑角度、圆环钢板局部削弱形式和削弱深度对圆环耗能器性能的影响。研究结果表明：圆环耗能器滞回曲线稳定、饱满,塑性耗能能力强;随着圆环钢板厚度的增加或者圆环外直径的减小,圆环耗能器初始刚度和屈服力增大;支撑与横梁之间的角度对圆环耗能器性能有一定影响,交叉支撑角度宜取45°左右;圆环钢板局部削弱圆环耗能器比不削弱圆环耗能器具有更好的耗能效果;圆环钢板局部削弱形式宜采用圆弧式,且钢板削弱深度宜控制在圆环钢板宽度的20%~30%。     

晶体及矿物颗粒大小对岩土材料力学性质的影响

岩石常见较大的晶体或者矿物颗粒,混凝土中是骨料,通过团簇模拟大颗粒的力学行为、团簇可以破裂。根据设计的相同数量、相同位置、不同半径的大颗粒数值单轴压缩试验,在虚拟试验条件下,考察了颗粒大小对材料力学响应的影响。通过分析颗粒材料的破裂形态、裂纹扩展过程、应力-应变曲线和破裂能量演化规律发现：大颗粒具有明显的增强特性,有阻止裂纹扩展的作用,破裂多绕大颗粒发展;增强幅度随颗粒半径的增加呈单增趋势,半径较小时,增强效果不明显。     

SIMULATION OF BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS ON A HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT CAUSED BY A MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM OVER THE YELLOW RIVER MIDSTREAM AREA

A heavy rainfall event caused by a mesoscale convective system (MCS), which occurred over the Yellow River midstream area during 7–9 July 2016, was analyzed using observational, high-resolution satellite, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, and numerical simulation data. This heavy rainfall event was caused by one mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and five MCSs successively. The MCC rainstorm occurred when southwesterly winds strengthened into a jet. The MCS rainstorms occurred when low-level wind fields weakened, but their easterly components in the lower and boundary layers increased continuously. Numerical analysis revealed that there were obvious differences between the MCC and MCS rainstorms, including their three-dimensional airflow structure, disturbances in wind fields and vapor distributions, and characteristics of energy conversion and propagation. Formation of the MCC was related to southerly conveyed water vapor and energy to the north, with obvious water vapor exchange between the free atmosphere and the boundary layer. Continuous regeneration and development of the MCSs mainly relied on maintenance of an upward extension of a positive water vapor disturbance. The MCC rainstorm was triggered by large range of convergent ascending motion caused by a southerly jet, and easterly disturbance within the boundary layer. While a southerly fluctuation and easterly disturbance in the boundary layer were important triggers of the MCS rainstorms. Maintenance and development of the MCC and MCSs were linked to secondary circulation, resulting from convergence of Ekman non-equilibrium flow in the boundary layer. Both intensity and motion of the convergence centers in MCC and MCS cases were different. Clearly, sub-synoptic scale systems in the middle troposphere played a leading role in determining precipitation distribution during this event. Although mesoscale systems triggered by the sub-synoptic scale system induced the heavy rainfall, small-scale disturbances within the boundary layer determined its intensity and location.     

Feedbacks in the Land-Surface and Mixed-Layer Energy Budgets

A mixed-layer model of the surface energy budget and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is developed, based on the prognostic equations for soil temperature, mixed layer potential temperature and specific humidity and the growth and abrupt collapse of the PBL. Detailed parameterizations of the longwave radiative fluxes are included. The feedbacks in the uncoupled (i.e. surface energy budget with non-responding PBL) and coupled land surface and atmospheric mixed-layer energy budgets are examined. A simplified, time continuous, version of the model, in which the specific humidity budget is the balance of evapotranspiration and dry-air entrainment, and the PBL height is given by the lifted condensation level, is shown to be in good agreement with the complete model. By forcing the simplified model with daily mean rather than periodic solar radiation, an equilibrium model state is achieved where the fluxes are in close agreement with the daily mean fluxes corresponding to the periodic forcing. The model also agrees favorably with measurements from the FIFE field experiment. Feedbacks are examined using the equilibrium model state. The uncoupled and coupled model sensitivities with respect to the minimal stomatal resistance and the atmospheric specific humidity not only differ in magnitude, but in sign as well. This results puts into question the extent to which uncoupled land-surface models that are forced with atmospheric variables may be used in sensitivity studies.     

珠峰和曲宗站2005年4,5月近地辐射能收支初步分析

利用中国科学院又一次珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察(2005年4,5月)期间获得的辐射资料分析该地区地表辐射能的日变化,以及不同海拔高度、不同下垫面辐射各分量的异同,同时分析了不同海拔高度地表反照率在4月和5月的月变化和日变化。