北京城市居住和就业空间类型区分析

基于2010年北京市工商企业登记数据和第六次人口普查数据,从分行业视角对北京市城区职住空间结构及其类型区特征进行详细实证分析。研究表明：北京市就业空间结构和居住空间结构均有3个主成分因子构成,其中就业空间结构包括综合服务业、流通地产服务业与二产、高科技产业等主因子,居住空间结构则由一般服务业、流通生活服务业与二产、科技和教育产业等主因子构成,且不同城市就业与居住空间主因子的空间关联强度存在差异。采用GIS分组分析方法可将北京城市居住和就业空间划分为5种类型区,即流通生活服务业与二产居住集中区、流通生活服务业与二产职住综合区、一般服务业职住综合区、职弱住强型科教优势区和职强住弱型科教优势区。分析发现,北京城市居住和就业空间结构形成主要受到历史力、市场力、政府力和个体力等因素共同作用。     

我国农业土地规模经营模式研究——基于西方资本主义雇佣型大农场的衰落及启示

随着城镇化的快速推进,我国农村人口不断减少,土地经营模式正发生着根本性变革。以提高农业土地经营效益为目的,采用文献统计和比较分析等研究方法,通过分析西方资本主义雇佣型大农场的衰落历程及原因,提出在我国当前人均耕地面积较少、就业压力较大的情况下,实施家庭承包经营、雇佣型大农场以及家庭农场并行的土地经营模式,最终实现家庭农场主导经营模式。研究结果表明:耕者有其田的家庭农场模式可以促进更多就业,避免马尔萨斯-李嘉图危机,有利于财富的公平分配和社会稳定。     

中国区域经济社会发展阶段识别及协调性研究

按照区域发展的Logistic理论模型特征,探索性地将区域发展转型过程划分为缓慢积累期、加速成长期、高速发展期和平稳成熟期4个阶段。选取人口-社会结构、经济增长、产业结构和就业结构4项经济社会发展形态,构建区域经济社会发展阶段划分的指标体系和综合度指数,并开展中国省域尺度的区域经济社会发展阶段识别与评价。结果表明:我国区域经济社会发展演化过程中,4项形态发展不具有同步性,表现为产业结构转型程度高、发展阶段超前,而人口-社会结构、经济增长和就业结构相对落后;2000—2015年我国省域区域经济社会发展综合度不断提高,且呈现出明显的空间地域分异特征,基本形成了东部发达地区发展程度高、综合度指数高的高值区,东北地区、渝鄂中西部核心区以及山西、陕西、内蒙古和宁夏能源富集区中等发展阶段、综合度指数中等的中值区,其他区域发展阶段低、综合度指数低的低值区的空间格局。     

西宁市居民就职差异性及其空间演变——基于4种类型单位居住区的比较

为掌握单位居住区职住关系,采用问卷调查法和GIS空间分析方法对西宁市的4个单位居住区的510户居民进行基本通勤特征的问卷调查,分析就职单位空间密度分布,揭示西宁市不同单位类型居民的就职空间演变。结果表明:传统的、重组的、破产的和易地搬迁等多种类型的单位居住区共存,西宁市单位居住区就职空间发生了显著的空间分化,单位居住区就业空间演变受到居住区聚集度增加、居住区功能独立化、居民来源多样化、离城市商服中心的距离和单位运营结构稳定性等因素的影响,居住空间趋向于规模化和聚集化,就业空间由高聚集的单中心向多中心演变,职住分离显著。     

中国社会升级的测度与时空格局及驱动机制

社会升级是指提高劳动者就业质量并保障和改善其作为社会参与者的基本权利的过程,是近年来国际经济地理研究出现的一个新兴方向。针对国内地理学聚焦于经济升级、缺乏关注社会升级的研究现状,构建了测度社会升级的综合指标体系,采用空间分析方法和数量模型揭示了20世纪90年代中期以来中国社会升级的时空格局、区域差异及驱动因素。研究发现：① 1996—2017年中国社会升级指数从0.358增长至0.445;② 东部地区是社会升级的主要区域,其中又以京津冀、长三角、珠三角等三大城市群为核心升级区;③ 社会升级在全国整体和地区尺度的区域差异有所缩小,省际发展分化速率得到一定缓解,中西部省份逐步追赶东部省份,重庆的发展引人注目,但东部沿海仍是带动中国社会升级的主导区;④ 经济发展、产业创新、经济全球化、劳动力技能和政府治理等因素共同影响了区域社会升级,反映了社会升级受全球和地方因素综合影响的过程。研究认为,经济增长快速并非一定带来社会升级,促进社会升级需要提升经济发展的质量。本文为在宏观层面分析社会升级提供了量化方法,对促进认识社会升级的发生机制及其与经济升级、经济全球化的关系起到补充作用。最后提出了促进中国经济和社会“双升级”的建议以及未来研究启示。     

Emotional labour/body work: The caring labours of migrants in the UK’s National Health Service

The provision of care is an increasingly pressing issue in the Global North. With an ageing population and policies encouraging women into the labour market, there is a growing need for workers to undertake paid caring. This poses important and urgent questions about the social organisation of labour markets. Care work typically is low paid and undertaken in precarious, informal, or temporary situations. Many posts are filled by economic migrants, raising concerns about a care deficit in sending countries. In this paper we examine the ‘caring work’ undertaken by migrant workers in a West London Hospital. We employ a twofold characterisation of caring work. Like other bottom-end service sector work, this work is characterised by the face-to-face ‘emotional labour’. However, it also requires ‘body work’: close and often intimate physical contact between carers and those they care for. We argue that both of these aspects are important in understanding how caring work is constructed as poorly regarded and low paid. We show how these features play out in particular ways for migrant workers employed in such caring work.     

Employment in Cape Town’s lodging sector: opportunities, skills requirements, employee aspirations and transformation

Since the attainment of democracy in 1994 one of the major concerns of the South African government has been to address the social and economic injustices that characterised the apartheid regime. With tourism on the rise in South Africa and international arrivals growing at a rate almost triple the global rate, the tourism industry has been identified as one of the important industries to drive the transformation agenda. This study sought to assess the employment situation in Cape Town’s lodging sector, identify the existing types of jobs and skills requirements of the sector, determine career aspirations of and skills development needs for lodging sector employees as well as asses the state of transformation. Study findings showed that the lodging sector is labour intensive, requires low academic skill, and offers low paying employment following the findings that about a quarter of the respondents indicated that their jobs didn’t require any formal qualification, the average working day was 9.2 h and 52% earned below R3,500 a month. The study showed significant differences in income based on race. White employees earned significantly more than their black and coloured counterparts. However, white employees working as general labour were also significantly more qualified than their black and coloured counterparts. There was a significant positive relationship between income and length of service for white employees, but the same wasn’t true for black and coloured employees. There was a significant negative relationship between length of service and academic qualifications for black employees implying that black people’s length of service for one employer decreases as they become more academically qualified. Also significant was skills development opportunities based on gender. Significantly more females than males had attended on-the-job training programs.     

互联网对中国城市内部就业分布的动态影响

本文旨在揭示互联网影响城市内部就业分布的净效应及其动态变化。首先,将互联网分散力与集聚力的相对变化纳入互联网动态影响的分析框架并提出相应理论假说;其次,利用中国2004年、2008年、2013年3次经济普查中289个地级市的2247万个企业的微观数据,以“邮区”为基本空间单元构建了城市内部就业集聚指数;最后,构造工具变量以缓解内生性问题。结果显示,平均而言,互联网能显著促进城市内部的就业集聚,但随互联网渗透率的提高,其促进作用呈现“边际递减”趋势,而城市就业的空间多中心性不断提升,即就业向远离城市主中心的次中心集聚;对于高发展水平的城市,互联网渗透率的提高促进了就业先短暂分散,而后“边际递增”式集聚。本文研究发现对于预判未来城市中经济活动的空间分布和指导空间规划具有重要意义。     

教改是提高大学生就业率的关键环节

从当前我国人力资源市场上大学生就业难的现象切入，通过分析大学生就业市场供求双方的经济关系，说明求职大学生在素质上与用人单位的需求之间存在较尖锐的矛盾，是大学生就业难的重要原因。解决大学生就业难的关键环节之一是通过教改提高大学生的综合素质。     

Climate change,innovation and jobs

The employment effect of climate policy has emerged as an important concern of policy makers, not least in the USA. Yet the impact of climate policy on jobs is complex. In the short term, jobs will shift from high-carbon activities to low-carbon activities. The net effect could be job creation, as low-carbon technologies tend to be more labour-intensive, at least in the short term until efficiency gains bring down costs. In the medium term, the effect will be felt economy-wide as value chains and production patterns adjust. This effect is more difficult to gauge, particularly if climate policy is unilateral and trade effects have to be taken into account. However, the biggest effect is expected to be long term, when climate policy will trigger widespread structural adjustment. Such episodes of ‘creative destruction’ are often associated with innovation, job creation and growth.