A new drain spacing formula

Abstract

A drain spacing formula is derived considering the variation in radial flux and the area above the drain level in the radial flow zone. The extent of the radial flow zone is ascertained by applying a mass balance and differentiability criterion of the water surface profile at the interface of radial and Dupuit-Forchheimer flow zones. The radial flow zone extends from the centre of the tile drain a distance of 2/π times the depth to impervious layer below the drain. For a normal ratio of recharge rate to hydraulic conductivity (R/K ≤ 0.0025), the water surface profile in the radial flow zone computed using Hooghoudt's formula is very different from the profile obtained by the new drain spacing formula; however, Hooghoudt's formula computes the maximum water table height which marginally differs from that found by the present method. For a ratio of high recharge rate to hydraulic conductivity (R/K = 0.1) and close drain spacing (L/D = 2), the difference in the maximum heights is 21%. Hooghoudt's formula overestimates the maximum water table position for L/D < 40. Unlike Hooghoudt's equivalent depth, the equivalent depth obtained using the present method is a function of the ratio of recharge rate to hydraulic conductivity.     

基于冲击回波厚度频率的预应力孔道注浆状态分析

应用冲击回波法检测预应力孔道的注浆质量时,无浆孔道处厚度频率的确定至关重要.建立三维有限元模型,对影响无浆孔道处厚度频率的多种因素,如孔厚比(波纹管内径与板厚之比)、波纹管类型、壁厚比(波纹管壁厚与板厚之比)等进行了数值分析.提出了无浆孔道处厚度频率的计算公式,并以实验结果验证了分析的有效性.结果表明:无浆孔道处的厚度频率只与孔厚比有关,与板厚无关,且随孔厚比的增大而减小;铁皮波纹管对无浆孔道处厚度频率的影响更显著;当孔厚比及波纹管类型相同时,壁厚比越大,无浆孔道处厚度频率相对于无缺陷板厚度频率的偏移量越大.     

云南地区近震震级与面波震级转换关系研究

利用云南地区数字地震台站记录的云南及周边地区2000～2011年4.0级以上可同时测定近震震级ML和面波震级MS的433个地震波形数据,将速度数据进行仿真,即近震震级ML在仿真短周期地震仪DD-1记录上测定,面波震级MS在仿真中长周期地震仪SK记录上测定,对全部人工重新测定的ML和MS,采用线性回归和正交回归方法,得到了它们之间的转换关系式。结果表明,自20世纪70年代使用至今的公式MS = 1.13ML － 1.08与云南地区实际情况存在系统偏差,已不适用于云南地区。考虑到区域差异,认为采用关系式MS = 1.13ML － 0.86作为新的转换关系更合理适用。同时,对云南地震台网和国家地震台网都有记录的地震数据进行对比,发现云南台网和国家台网测定的绝大多数地震ML差值为－ 0.2～ 0.4,差值为0.2的地震数量最多;MS差值为－0.4～0.2,差值为－0.2的地震数量最多。     

流速断面法在长江古流量估算中的应用

河流古流量的估算可以定量化研究流域的水文、气候变化特征。根据收集的多个地质钻孔资料恢复出长江南京段3个古河槽横断面,对古深槽沉积物样品进行¹⁴C与ESR年代测定以及沉积相的分析,判定-50~-90m的古深槽形成于末次冰期最盛期。根据古河床沉积物粒度,利用泥沙起动公式计算古河槽不同深处的垂线平均流速,然后利用垂线平均流速和垂线间的过水面积计算单宽流量,最后累加恢复末次冰期最盛期的平滩流量。其计算结果为10000~12000m³/s,与现在1月份多年平均流量相当。该时期的纵坡降为4×10^-4~5×10^-4,与现在长江上游屏山—宜宾段相当。     

The improvement of the Morlet wavelet for multi-period analysis of climate data

The multi-level dynamics of an atmosphere system exhibits temporal structures in different types of climate data. This article addresses two issues in multi-period analysis of climate data. Firstly, the advantages of the modified Morlet wavelet transform (MMWT) for analyzing multi-period structure of time series over Morlet wavelet transform (MWT) are emphasized. Secondly, the multi-period issues of temperature data are studied with MMWT through four steps: the four dominant periods of 60 year temperature data are determined with the wavelet variance; by analyzing the real part of MMWT, the warm and cold stages of the temperature data at different scales are determined, and the time intervals of the warm and cold interchange are singled out; the amplitude of each periodic component is quantitatively characterized by the amplitude of wavelet coefficients; the most intensive oscillation time intervals are computed by the squared modulus of the MMWT (MMPS).     

应用二维经验模分解（BEMD）法提取滇东Pt、Pd元素地球化学异常

应用二维经验模分解（BEMD）法从滇东Pt-Pd含量数据中提取2类Pt-Pd异常,即由二维内蕴模函数3（BIMF3）表征的区域Pt-Pd异常和由二维内蕴模函数2（BIMF2）表征的局部Pt-Pd异常。根据异常产出的地质特征,区域Pt-Pd异常可进一步划分为2个亚类：其一是位于受SN向小江断裂和NE向寻甸-宣威深大断裂控制的二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩分布区的异常,其特征是具有明显的浓集中心,异常强度大;其二是分布于研究区中南部的黑色岩系中的异常,异常强度弱。其中前者是滇东Pt-Pd找矿的有利地段。局部Pt-Pd异常可进一步划分为3个亚类：①分布于玄武岩区,受SN-NE向深大断裂与其次级断裂交会域控制的异常;②分布于不同地质时期黑色岩系中的异常;③哀牢山断裂北侧与基性、超基性侵入岩有关的异常。其中,分布于玄武岩区的Pt-Pd局部异常强度高、规模大,是进一步找寻Pt-Pd资源的远景地段。     

基于指标规范变换的室内空气质量突变模糊指数公式

为克服传统的突变模糊公式用于室内空气评价不能普适、通用的局限,适当设定指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式,使室内空气同级标准不同指标的规范值差异尽可能小,从而用规范值表示的各指标皆与某个规范指标等效。因此任意多项指标的室内空气质量的突变模型均可用若干个尖点突变和(或)燕尾突变两种突变模型组合表示。用突变模糊指数公式对2个室内空气质量评价结果与实况相符合,基于指标规范变换的室内空气质量突变模糊指数公式具有形式简洁、计算简单和普适通用的特点。     

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Impact of Urbanization on Low-Temperature Precipitation in Beijing during 1960–2008简

Daily precipitation and temperature records at 13 stations for the period 1960-2008 were analyzed to identify climatic change and possible effects of urbanization on low-temperature precipitation [LTP, precipitation of ≥ 0.1 mm d^-1 occurring under a daily minimum temperature （Tmin） of ≤ 0℃] in the greater Beijing region （B JR）, where a rapid process of urbaniza tion has taken place over the last few decades. The paper provides a climatological overview of LTP in B JR. LTP contributes 61.7% to the total amount of precipitation in B JR in the cold season （November-March）. There is a slight increasing trend [1.22 mm （10 yr）^-1] in the amount of total precipitation for the cold season during 1960-2008. In contrast, the amount of LTP decreases by 0.6 mm （10 yr）^-1. The warming rate of Train in B JR is 0.66℃ （10 yr）^-1. Correspondingly, the frequency of LTP decreases with increasing Tmin by -0.67 times per ℃. The seasonal frequency and amount of LTP in southeast B JR （mostly urban sites） are 17%-20% less than those in the northwestern （rural and montane sites）. The intensity of LTP for the urban sites and northeastern B JR exhibited significant enhancing trends [0.18 and 0.15 mm d^- 1 （10 yr）^- 1, respectively]. The frequency of slight LTP （〈0.2 mm d^-1） significantly decreased throughout B JR [by about -15.74% （10 yr）^-1 in the urban area and northeast B JR], while the contribution of the two heaviest LTP events to total LTP amount significantly increased by 3.2% （10 yr） ^-1.     

软母线连接电气设备地震响应定量分析

通过母线连接的电气设备与独立设备地震响应存在较大差异。为定量研究软母线连接体系对设备的地震响应,将软母线简化为悬索结构,建立耦联体系等高设备和单体设备的地震运动方程组,采用龙格-库塔方法计算得到广泛参数下的位移响应比,并通过基于后向消去法的多元回归分析对各关键参数的影响进行量化,得到软母线耦联等高设备地震位移响应比公式。通过与实际振动台试验数据对比验证了该响应比公式的准确性。研究结果可为实际电气设备及变电站的抗震可靠性分析提供参考。