阿尔奇(Archie)公式：提出背景与早期争论

根据关于岩石电学的早期资料，介绍了阿尔奇公式的提出背景和当时身处学术界和测井界的研究者和工程师们围绕阿尔奇公式所展开的一系列研究和论战.回顾与分析证明：围绕阿尔奇公式所进行的早期论战在于地层因子F及指数m和n.具体的论战焦点有四个：（1）地层因子的表达式F=1/m是否合适；（2）m和n是否具有物理内涵；（3）m和n的值到底是常数还是变数；（4）m和n与岩石的内部结构是否有关.在经过近20年的研究和论争后，即在1960年左右发现指数m和n与岩石的结构、构造以及孔隙流体的饱和度和流体替换的历史有关.此外，还发现岩石的湿润性和超毛细管孔隙度对岩石的电阻率也有很大的影响.虽然阿尔奇公式影响深远而且在岩石物理学和石油测井的发展中具有划时代的意义和里程碑式的作用，但是没有考虑泥质、淡水、低孔隙、非均匀几何参数分布（孔隙度、曲折度）、非均匀饱和度分布、各向异性以及参数a和b对岩石电阻率的贡献和隐藏在这些参数和因素后面的物理机制.因此，在应用阿尔奇公式时必须注意有关的应用条件.此外，根据完全水饱和公式ρ0=FρW=aρW/m和部分水饱和公式ρt=Iρ0=bρ0S-nW来研究F、I、a、b以及m和n与岩石的内部结构、孔隙分布以及孔隙流体和岩石颗粒之间的物理及化学相互作用的关系具有反问题的特点.所以，围绕阿尔奇公式的研究和争论将有可能会伴随着时代的进步和科学技术的发展一直进行下去.     

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer (PML) artificial boundary condition (ABC), which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construc- tion process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation (PDE) system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investi- gated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula (MTF) boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in corner and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computa- tional efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.     

Recovery of marine gravity anomalies from ERS1, ERS2 and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data for geoid computations over Norway

Free-Air Anomalies (FAA) for the Norwegian marine area including some parts of the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea are computed from satellite altimetry data. A total of 84 cycles of ERS2 along-track data, 25 cycles of ENVISAT along-track data and high density ERS1 data during its geodetic mission are used. The new geopotential model from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, GGM02S (Tapely et al., 2005) is used to compute the long wavelength contributions of the geoid and the FAA. To correct data for mean dynamic topography, the available Levitus climatology model (Levitus and Boyer, 1994) is used. Corrected data are then used to compute along-track gradients in each cycle-pass to suppress the orbital and the atmospheric errors below the noise level of the altimeter. Resulted gradients are then stacked and the east-west and the north-south components of the deflection of verticals are computed where ascending and descending tracks meet each other. Finally, the inverse Vening-Meinesz formula is implemented on the gridded deflections to compute FAA. Results are then compared with available marine and airborne data. Standard deviations of ± 4.301 and ± 6.159 mGal in comparison with airborne and marine FAA were achieved. Thereafter, the derived anomalies are combined with marine and airborne FAA together with the land FAA to compute a fine resolution geoid for Norway and the surrounding marine areas. This geoid is evaluated over sea and land with the synthetic geoid (the geoid derived from the mean sea surface by subtracting the mean dynamic topography) and Global Positioning System (GPS)-levelling and the standard deviations of the differences are ± 20.9 and ± 12.8 cm respectively. ali.soltanpour@ntnu.no, hossein.nahavandchi@ntnu.no, kourosh.ghazavi@ntnu.no     

Test of the Empirical Green's Function Deconvolution on Vrancea (Romania) Subcrustal Earthquakes

Vrancea is one of the few singular seismic regions of the world where intermediate-depth earthquakes are permanently generated (around 10 events/month with M _L > 3) within an extremely confined focal volume. This particularity and the relatively large number of short-period waveforms recorded by the Romanian local network provides us the opportunity to test the performance of the empirical Green's function technique in retrieving the source time function and source directivity of the Vrancea earthquakes. Three earthquakes that occurred on March 11, 1983 (M _L = 5.4), April 12, 1983 (M _L = 5.1) and August 7, 1984 (M _L = 5.1) in the lower part of the subducting lithosphere (h 150 km) were analyzed. A set of 28 adjacent events (3.0 < M _L < 4.4) which occurred between 1981 and 1997 were selected as corresponding empirical Green's functions. To test the confidence of the retrieved source time function, we compare the deconvolved pulses using Green's functions of different sizes and recorded simultaneously by short-period and broad-band instruments. Our tests show that the durations of the source time function is well-constrained and is not affected by the limited frequency range of the short-period instruments, or by the relative difference in the focal mechanism between the main event and Green's event. The apparent duration of the source time function outlines source directivity effects, and when these effects are sufficiently strong, they can identify the real fault plane. Relatively short source duration and correspondingly high stress drop values are in agreement with other previous results emphasizing a specific seismic regime in the lower part of the Vrancea subducting lithosphere.     

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的合成孔径雷达内波参数提取新方法

基于希尔伯特-黄变换,发展了合成孔径雷达内波参数提取的新方法,解决了传统的傅里叶变换不能提取非线性内波群各个孤立子波信息的问题。利用该方法对巴士海峡附近的一幅ERS-1 SAR内波图像进行了内波参数提取。希尔伯特-黄变换对内波剖面数据进行了尺度分解,根据归一化方差最大来提取内波分量。该方法具有自适应性。结果表明,该方法获取的内波平均波长与傅里叶变换和小波分析具有较好的一致性,提取得到的反映各个孤立子波信息的波形比小波分析的要清晰,提高了数据的质量。通过提取的内波信号,利用极值序列计算了剖面线前后段平均波长大小,消除了谱分析当中的180°模糊问题。计算了明暗点的间隔,反演得到各个孤立子波的半振幅宽度。利用CTD数据获得的跃层深度,反演前导波振幅,与验证算例结果在量级上一致。     

On the Non-linear Motion of IGS Station

With the daily SINEX files of the IGS, the time series of IGS stations are obtained using an independently developed software under generalized network adjustment models with coordinate patterns. From ...     

What path and how fast? The effect of flight time and path on user spatial understanding in map tour animations

GIScience scholars have identified map tours as an important visualization type for communicating spatial information: map tours are animations where the virtual camera moves through space and are common on the web, mobile devices, and television. Understanding how to enhance their effectiveness is timely because of recent, growing interest in virtual reality and animated map presentation tools such as Esri Story Maps? and Google Earth? tours. Despite this popularity, little empirical evidence exists about how people learn from map tours and how they should best be designed to improve effectiveness. This research is aimed at answering that need. An empirical study is described, which was designed to understand how virtual camera speed, path, and dynamic tilting within a map tour influence subjects’ ability to develop survey knowledge. The results of the experiment show that paths encompassing overviews of the landscape improve the viewer’s ability to build up survey knowledge; that tilting appears to have a much weaker effect; and that combining fast speed and a difficult path within a map tour increases the viewer’s cognitive load.     

HHT方法在研究地震旋回体中的应用

HHT(Hilbert-Huang变换)是一种近年才发展起来的非线性信号处理方法,具有明确的物理意义、高度的精确性和自适应性,但在地震信号处理中尚未得到广泛的应用。简要介绍了HHT的方法原理,然后分析了模型信号和地震旋回体的HHT时频谱。结果表明:HHT对模型信号的识别能力强,且不同类型地震旋回体与其HHT时频谱之间存在对应关系,这为地震层序的划分以及进一步的沉积相分析提供理论依据。     

长江口航道淤泥流变特性试验研究

为揭示长江口航道淤泥的流变特性,采用Anton Paar MCR302旋转流变仪对长江口航道疏浚淤泥的剪切动力响应进行试验研究,分析容重范围为1.16~1.72 g/cm3的淤泥的基本流变特性及其对容重、盐度、pH值与温度等的响应特性。结果表明:在剪切荷载作用下,长江口航道淤泥具有双宾汉体特性,其剪切应力与剪切速率间的关系可基于Dual-Herschel-Bulkley流变模型进行定量描述;随着剪切加载速率的增大,淤泥表现出复杂的固—液相态转化现象,其动力响应过程可划分为类固态、固—液转化和液态3个典型阶段,分别具有弹性体、黏弹性体和塑性体的变化特征;淤泥的抗剪强度随容重、盐度和pH值的增加而增强,随温度的升高而降低,并以容重的影响最为显著;基于实测结果建立了描述长江口航道淤泥流变特性的经验本构方程,可用于定量分析潮汐和波浪作用下底床淤泥的运动变化。     

延安地区雷电流幅值累积概率分布特征及计算公式

利用陕西省雷电定位系统资料分析了延安地区2009—2012年的雷电流数据,并对多种雷电流幅值累积概率公式进行了比较分析,同时引入雷电流概率密度公式,列举实例,分析了各累积概率公式所拟合的曲线与实测值所绘制曲线的误差,并根据分析结果给出了该地区带有未知系数α、β的雷电流幅值累积概率计算公式,利用Matlab的Cftool工具中的最小二乘曲线拟合方法对地闪进行拟合,求出拟合误差最小和拟合效果最好时的α、β值,得出了该地区更为精确的雷电流幅值累积概率计算公式,并利用该地区2013年的雷电流数据对推导出的公式进行了准确性验证.结果表明：正闪的平均雷电流幅值明显大于负闪,而负闪的雷电流幅值分布比正闪的分布相对更集中;正闪的雷电流幅值累积概率的分布曲线比较平缓,而负闪的相对比较陡峭;利用规程公式拟合的曲线与实测值对应的曲线差异较大,而利用IEEE Std和CIGRE推荐公式分别拟合的曲线与实测值对应曲线的变化趋势一致,相比规程公式IEEE Std的误差明显减小;当α=36.04,β=4.349时,拟合误差最小,拟合效果最好,并且发现雷电流I_c在0~150 kA时,拟合误差在-0.025~0.018,当I_c=35 kA时,拟合误差最大,为0.025,当I_c大于150 kA时,拟合误差趋于0.