Climate change and hydrology at the prairie margin: Historic and prospective future flows of Canada's Red Deer and other Rocky Mountain rivers

The South Saskatchewan River Basin of southern Alberta drains the transboundary central Rocky Mountains region and provides the focus for irrigation agriculture in Canada. Following extensive development, two tributaries, the Oldman and Bow rivers, were closed for further water allocations, whereas the Red Deer River (RDR) remains open. The RDR basin is at the northern limit of the North American Great Plains and may be suitable for agricultural expansion with a warming climate. To consider irrigation development and ecological impacts, it is important to understand the regional hydrologic consequences of climate change. To analyse historic trends that could extend into the future, we developed century‐long discharge records for the RDR, by coordinating data across hydrometric gauges, estimating annual flows from seasonal records, and undertaking flow naturalization to compensate for river regulation. Analyses indicated some coordination with the Pacific decadal oscillation and slight decline in summer and annual flows from 1912 to 2016 (?0.13%/year, Sen's slope). Another forecasting approach involved regional downscaling from the global circulation models, CGCMI‐A, ECHAM4, HadCM3, and NCAR‐CCM3. These projected slight flow decreases from the mountain headwaters versus increases from the foothills and boreal regions, resulting in a slight increase in overall river flows (+0.1%/year). Prior projections from these and other global circulation models ranged from slight decrease to slight increase, and the average projection of ?0.05%/year approached the empirical trend. Assessments of other rivers draining the central and northern Rocky Mountains revealed a geographic transition in flow patterns over the past century. Flows from the rivers in Southern Alberta declined (around ?0.15%/year), in contrast to increasing flows in north‐eastern British Columbia and the Yukon. The RDR watershed approaches this transition, and this study thus revealed regional differentiation in the hydrological consequences from climate change.     

Proportional stress and strain paths in barodesy

Asymptotic behaviour of soil deserves particular attention: If soil is deformed with a proportional strain path, the resulting stress path approaches asymptotically a proportional stress path. In this arcticle, we review existing experimental evidence on this phenomenon and discuss it in the frame of barodesy. Here, the presented relation is a modification of a barodetic expression and includes Jáky's relation, inhibits tensile stress and is able to predict asymptotic stress ratios based on experimental findings. The proposed relation is compared with experimental data as well as with the so‐called stress‐dilatancy relations and other constitutive relations proposed so far. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于冰川钻孔温度的古气候重建研究进展北大核心CSCD

冰川内部温度与过去冰面温度变化密切相关,因此可以利用冰川钻孔温度对过去冰面温度变化过程进行重建。耦合的热传导-冰流物理模型与相关反演算法,是基于冰川钻孔温度进行古气候重建研究的理论基础和关键。论文收集了过去三十多年基于冰川钻孔温度进行古气候重建的研究文献,从冰川钻孔温度对气候变化的响应和古气候重建等方面进行了概述,并简要讨论了不同反演算法的优劣性和适用条件。尽管很多因素(如太阳辐射、融水等)都会对冰川钻孔温度造成影响,但两极或高纬地区的冷冰川钻孔温度能较好地反映气候变化历史。目前已通过这些不同地区的冰川钻孔温度,重建了末次冰期冰盛期以来不同时间尺度的气候变化历史,同时可与对应的冰芯记录相互印证。此外,通过冰川钻孔温度可以研究冰川与气温的耦合作用,并进一步预测冰川对未来气候变化的响应。利用中纬度冷冰川钻孔温度开展古气候重建的研究较少,未来加深这一方面的研究将有助于揭示中纬度高海拔地区的气候变化状况。     

基于紧密堆积理论的低密度固井水泥浆设计

合理的颗粒级配是提高固井水泥环内部密实度、早期力学强度和界面胶结能力的关键。基于此,本文从几种典型的连续颗粒级配的紧密堆积理论中优选出DFE进行固井水泥浆体系设计,并通过大量实验首次确定了适宜G级油井水泥基深水固井水泥浆体系设计的n值最优范围：0.33~0.40。结合激光粒度分析仪实测结果,在粒径≤3.38 μm、3.38~70.70 μm、≥70.70 μm三个范围内依次采用纳米CaCO₃（nano CaCO₃,以下简称“NC”）、G级油井水泥和漂珠,并按DFE（n=0.33~0.40）体积分布曲线进行混配。在此基础上,提出一种密度为1.50 g/cm³的低成本低温早强三元固相级配水泥浆体系,并与漂珠二元固相水泥浆体系和NC二元固相水泥浆体系的性能进行对比。研究结果表明：该三元体系水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度和二界面胶结强度相比于漂珠二元体系和NC二元体系分别提高了7%~21.1%、13.4%~51.9%和41.4%~122.2%。三元体系的固井水泥石在垂向上的最大密度差为0.022 g/cm³。基于DFE设计的三元体系具有良好的流变性、稳定性和力学性能。DFE对于多元固井水泥浆体系的设计和应用具有一定的指导意义,在保证低密度的前提下能够有效地提高固井水泥石的早期强度和综合性能。     

基于表层温盐传感器的标定分析

感应式温盐传感器基于电导率法测盐,可以实现现场测量与实时测量。测量盐度时需要首先计算海水温度、海水电导率和海水压力,表层感应式温盐传感器对压力量不予考虑,温度、电导率的精度却直接关系到盐度测量结果的准确度,因此使用传感器前必须进行温度和盐度的标定。分析了温盐传感器的工作原理,设计温度、电导率的标定校准步骤,包括回归曲线的选择和回归方程系数的计算,其中温度、电导率和温度补偿的标定回归曲线采用多项式形式,用实验室高精度盐度计和铂电阻温度仪测得5~7组数据,然后对多项式最小二乘法回归,电导率回归过程中由温度和盐度求电导率用到了二分法,最后论述了标定回归方程的误差范围。     

A creep model for compacted loess based on 1D oedometer testEI北大核心CSCD

A series of long-term 1D oedometer test on compacted loess has been conducted using a high pressure consolidometer. It is found that the compacted loess has remarkable creep deformation and the proportion of the creep deformation in total deformation can come up to 6%-23%. The creep deformation proportion goes higher as the water content of the sample increases and the compaction degree reduces. And the creep deformation proportion decreases with the increase of stress level. A nonlinear creep model, which can well describe the rules of post-construction settlement of compacted loess, is proposed. The validity of model is verified by comparing the results from proposed model with those from the layer-wise summation method. The proposed model is employed to examine the variation law of the post-construction settlement under the conditions of the different water contents and compaction degrees. It is found that there exist logarithmic relationships between the post-construction settlement and the compaction degree/water contents. Supposing the velocity of the post-construction settlement v<0.1 mm/d is the stabilized standard, the high embankment settlement trends to be stable in 200 to 650 days after construction. The higher the compaction degree is, the lower the water content is, the longer the time up to stable required is.     

空白真正射纠正影像的生成

空白真正射纠正影像的生成是基于DSM 制作真正射影像的最重要的一部分,是进行正射纠正读取原始图像数据进行内定向和相对定向后首先要解决的问题。本文以VC＋＋中M FC为开发平台利用仿射变换,实现影像内定向;然后利用共线方程,解决像素坐标、像平面坐标和地面点坐标之间的相互转化,为利用数字微分纠正技术进行影像的真正射纠正的灰度赋值做好了准备。     

多通道奇异谱组合滤波反演水储量变化

针对GRACE时变重力场球谐系数的高阶次项中含有的较高噪声会造成反潢结果产生误差的问题,该文采用多通道奇异谱分析和高斯滤波相结合的方案来滤除GRACE数据中的噪声,并与普遍使用的去相关滤波和高斯滤波相结合的方案进行了对比验证。首先利用这两种方法分别计算了2007年4、10月份的全球水储量变化,结果显示,这两种方法反演的结果基本相同,而多通道奇异谱分析与高斯滤波相组合的方法提高了信噪比,减弱了信号泄露误差,验证了该组合方案的可行性。然后又分别计算了亚马逊流域2004—2010年的水储量时间变化序列,并与GLDAS水文模型进行了对比验证,结果显示,这两种方法得到的水储量时间序列变化趋势基本相同,各自之间具有强相关性,进一步说明了该文方案在GRACE数据滤波中的可行性。     

BEMD-based two-dimensional SAR autofocus algorithm

The two-dimensional (2D) autofocus algorithm simultaneously compensates both the residual range migration and propagation-induced phase errors. However, the unsuitable selection of prominent points would reduce the performance of autofocus. Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) can decompose a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image into some different sub-images corresponding to different frequency components. Using proposed 2D autofocus algorithm along with BEMD would help us in selecting the suitable prominent points and give a considerable improvement in the performance of SAR autofocus. In further support of that conclusion, some simulations using real SAR data are demonstrated.     

Note on the propagation of a shallow water wave in water of variable depth

In this technical note, the phenomena of non-linear water-wave propagation above a seabed with variable depth is re-examined. The conventional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is re-derived for the general case of variable water depth. In the new form of KdV equation, the seabed bottom function is included. Two different bottom profiles are considered in this study; case 1: $b^{\prime }\left(x^{\prime }\right)=c\epsilon \sin \lambda x^{\prime }$ and case 2: $b^{\prime }\left(x^{\prime }\right)=c\epsilon {\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda {\left(x^{\prime }-x_0^{\prime }\right)}^2}$. The effects of three bottom profile parameters, c, λ and ε on the wave profile are examined. Numerical results indicate that both ε and λ affect the wave profile significantly in case 1, while ε significantly affects the wave profile in case 2.