Angular effect of MODIS emissivity products and its application to the split-window algorithm

The angular effects of emissivity are ignored in current land surface temperature (LST) products. As a result, the directionality of these LST products limits their further application in many fields. Accurate correction of the angular problem of LST products requires explicit understanding of the angular effects of emissivity at the pixel scale. Currently, nearly ten years of global emissivity products of MODIS are available. However, the pixel-scale directionality of emissivity has never been analyzed. By performing a statistical analysis of 5-year MODIS emissivity products over most of East Asia, we generated the empirical relationships between the directional emissivity, land cover, and seasonal variations. Two look-up tables (LUTs) of directional emissivity were created for typical land cover types and applied to the generalized split-window algorithm to modify the MODIS LST. The results showed that the angular effect of emissivity could introduce a significant bias of −1-3 K to the 1 km resolution LST. Finally, the spatial scale effects of emissivity were analyzed, and it was found that the temperature differences caused by scale effects fell within +/−0.5 K for most pixels if 5 km emissivity was used in 1 km LST retrieval. Therefore, wide use of the LUTs can be expected.     

A disaggregation approach for estimating high spatial resolution broadband emissivity for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance

High spatial resolution land surface broadband emissivity (BBE) is not only useful for surface energy balance studies at local scales, but also can bridge the gap between existing coarser resolution BBE products and point-based field measurements. This study proposes a disaggregation approach that utilizes the established BBE–reflectance relationship for estimating high spatial resolution BBE for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance data. The disaggregated BBE is compared to the BBE calculated from spatial–temporal matched Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer emissivity product. Comparison results show that better agreement is achieved over relative homogeneous areas, but deteriorated over heterogeneous and cloud-contaminated areas. In addition, field-measured emissivity data over large homogeneous desert were also used to validate the disaggregated BBE, and the bias is 0.005. The comparison and validation results indicated that the disaggregation approach can obtain high spatial resolution BBE with better accuracy for homogeneous area.     

Field validation of the GLASS land surface broadband emissivity database using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites in northern China

The land surface broadband emissivity (LSBE) is a key parameter for estimating surface radiation, and there have been many studies of the LSBE at global or local scales. However, few studies have validated the surface emissivity database with multi-point field measurement data using infrared radiometry, especially in China. In this study, we focus on the validation of the emissivity product of the global land surface satellite (GLASS) LSBE database for northern China for the period from 2006 to 2011. Specifically, we have employed an eight-day averaged, gridded emissivity product in the 8–13.5 µm spectral range produced at a spatial resolution of 1000 m from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer albedo product using a new algorithm. The GLASS LSBE database was validated over bare surfaces with field measurement data from sand samples collected at many pseudo-invariant sand dune sites located in western and northwestern China. By comparing measured emissivity for different land surface types at different sites and different times, it was shown that the results were consistent and that the accuracy of the field measurements was reliable. The results of the validation of GLASS LSBE with these field emissivity data showed very good agreement.     

地表发射率不同的估算方法对地表温度的影响

随着遥感技术的日益成熟,用热红外波段反演地表温度的方法也日趋完善,其中一个关键参数--地表发射率的估算,直接影响着地表温度的反演结果。基于TM6的热红外波段,分别采用最常用的Van的地表发射率估算方法和综合了覃志豪与Sobrino的估算方法,对北京地区的地表温度进行了反演,并在此基础上对这2种估算方法所得结果进行了比较,从而为找出更为有效的地表发射率估算公式提供依据。结果表明,对于农林地2种估算方法都比较适合,但是对于水体和城市等人口密集地区,则需要和当地的实测数据进行比对,从而确定更为合适有效的估算方法,以得到更为精确的地表温度结果。     

基于MODIS数据的陕西省地表温度的空间分布研究

由热红外波段获得的影像是地物发射的热辐射量的直接记录,可用于地面温度和热量空间分布的动态监测。本文利用MODIS数据可见光波段b1、近红外波段b2和中红外波段b19,获得所需要的两个基本参数：地表比辐射率与大气透过率;然后对于热红外波段b31、b32,运用劈窗算法反演出陕西省地表温度：并与陆面实际状况进行了对照分析。结果表明,这一方法能获得较合理的地表温度,符合陕西省实际地表状况;另外也为应用MODIS热红外波段数据进行大范围实时监测地表温度提供了新的途径。     

Correlation-based temperature and emissivity separation algorithm

Based on analyzing the relationship between the atmospheric downward radiance and surface emis- sivity, this paper proposes a correlation criterion to optimize surface temperature during the process of temperature and emissivity separation from thermal infrared hyperspectral data, and puts forward the correlation-based temperature and emissivity separation algorithm (CBTES). The algorithm uses the correlation between the atmospheric downward radiance and surface emissivity to optimize surface temperature, and obtains surface emissivity with this temperature. The accuracy of CBTES was evalu- ated by the simulated thermal infrared hyperspectral data. The simulated results show that the CBTES can achieve high accuracy of temperature and emissivity inversion. CBTES has been compared with the iterative spectrally smooth temperature/emissivity separation (ISSTES), and the comparison results show that they have relative accuracy. Besides, CBTES is insensitive to the instrumental random noise and the change of atmospheric downward radiance during the measurements. As regards the noniso- thermal pixel, its radiometric temperature changes slowly with the wavenumber when its emissivity is defined as r-emissivity. The CBTES can be used to derive the equivalent temperature of nonisothermal pixel in a narrow spectral region when we assumed that the radiometric temperature is invariable in the narrow spectral region. The derived equivalent temperatures in multi-spectral regions in 714―1250 cm?1 can characterize the change trend of nonisothermal pixel's radiometric temperature.     

A new perspective of the physical processes associated with the clear-sky greenhouse effect over high latitudes

The physical processes associated with the clear-sky greenhouse effect in the presence of water vaporare examined by including surface emissivity in the greenhouse effect formulation, and by introducing anew way to partition physical processes of the greenhouse effect. In this new framework, it is found thatthe clear-sky greenhouse effect is governed by three physical processes associated with (1) the temperaturecontrast between the surface and the atmosphere, (2) the interaction between the surface emissivity andthe temperature contrast, and (3) the surface emissivity. The importance of the three physical processes isassessed by computing their vertical and spectral variations for the subarctic winter and summer standardatmosphere using the radiation model MODTRAN3 (Moderate Resolution Transmittance code Version3). The results show that the process associated with the temperature contrast between the surface andthe atmosphere dominates over the other two processes ill magnitude. The magnitude of this process hassubstantial variations in the spectral region of 1250 to 1880 cm 1 and in the far infrared region. Due tothe low-level temperature inversion over the subarctic winter, there exists a negative contribution to thegreenhouse trapping. The seasonal variations are, however, dominated by the processes associated with theinteraction between the surface emissivity and the temperature contrast as well as the surface emissivityitself. The magnitudes of these two physical processes contributing to the greenhouse trapping over thesubarctic winter are about 7 to 10 times of those over the subarctic summer, whereas the magnitude ofthe processes associated with the temperature contrast ill the subarctic summer is only about 2 times ofthat in the subarctic winter.     

中国西北三类典型裸土下垫面地表宽波段发射率变化特征研究

利用2013年我国西北戈壁、沙漠和黄土塬区三类典型裸土下垫面野外观测试验资料,探究了上述地区地表向下、向上长波辐射（DLR&ULR）、地表温度（LST）和地表宽波段发射率（LSBE）的变化特征,结果表明:黄土站地表ULR和LST明显比戈壁和沙漠站偏低;戈壁宽波段发射率（GbBE）、沙漠宽波段发射率（DeBE）和黄土宽波段发射率（LoBE）具有明显的变化特征,尤其是日变化特征;观测期内GbBE、DeBE和LoBE平均值分别约为0.926±0.0452、0.916±0.0419和0.881±0.049。三站点地表宽波段发射率的数值大小和变化特征与陆面模式中所指定的参数化情况不符。地表发射率会受站点周围环境和当时气象条件等因素的影响,表层土壤湿度被认为是一个非常重要的影响因子,将来的野外观测试验中需加强相关影响要素的观测与分析。     

红外高光谱资料近地面通道应用技术研究:海洋地区观测资料同化试验

由于下垫面的复杂性,卫星近地面通道的辐射率资料没有得到充分开发和利用.就我国自主研发的GRAPES-3DVar而言,红外高光谱近地面通道资料还没有应用于陆地,即使在下垫面相对简单的海洋,由于背景场海表温度估计不够准确,红外高光谱资料的使用效果也不甚理想.针对GRAPES模式的背景场海表温度估计不够准确这一问题,本文利用大气红外探测仪器AIRS(The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)辐射率观测资料通过一维变分(1DVar)方法对其晴空视场点内的背景场海表温度进行调整,再运用GRAPES全球分析预报系统进行同化分析,研究了海表温度调整后对分析场的影响.结果表明,利用一维变分调整后的海表温度不仅使得低层通道的模拟亮温与观测亮温更加匹配,而且有效地改进了分析场,对位势高度场高、中、低层均有不错的改进,对低层湿度场以及风场的改进也较为明显.     

基于Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据的福州热环境研究

以福建省福州市为研究区,使用1994年5月12日Landsat TM、2002年3月7日LandsatETM+和2009年3月10日Landsat TM数据,采用普适性单通道算法对研究区进行地表温度反演算,反演得出福州地面温度的分布情况,并根据研究结果对福州市热环境空间分布格局及动态演变过程进行监测分析.研究结果表明:福州市存在明显的城市热岛现象,不同时相遥感数据反演得到的福州市地表温度的空间分布趋势基本一致;城区地表温度明显高于郊区,水体温度最低.1994年福州市热岛中心分布范围较小;1994—2002年间福州市高温区域明显增加,主要分布在城区建筑物比较密集的区域和裸地区域;2002—2009年间高温区增加得比较缓慢,同1994年和2002年相比,2009年城区范围内大面积高温区减少且分布比较破碎.